BiO(OH)xI1-x solid solution with rich oxygen vacancies: interlayer guest hydroxyl for improved photocatalytic properties

Abstract

A series of BiO(OH)xI1–x solid solution (SS) catalysts were successfully prepared by ion exchange of I− and OH− between the [Bi2O2]2+ layers. The morphology and microstructure were studied in depth using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, etc. Tunable absorption in the visible-light region was achieved by changing the proportion of OH– to I−. Due to the etching effect of OH−, oxygen vacancies (OVs) greatly increased for the SS catalysts, and were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR). The unique composition of OH−, I−, OV, and [Bi2O2]2+ layers in BiO(OH)xI1–x materials resulted in diverse photoexcitations. The BiO(OH)0.45I0.55 photocatalyst displayed a 10-fold-improved 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) degradation rate compared to BiOI. The interfacial reaction process by the photoinduced valence-band holes and conduction-band electrons proved to be a more efficient pathway for organic pollutant degradation by the BiO(OH)xI1–x SS photocatalyst. The OVs in the SS photocatalyst facilitated photoexcited and electron migration and transformation.