Abstract
BackgroundDengue fever outbreaks tend to spread northward in China, and Jining is the northernmost region where local dengue fever cases have been detected. Therefore, it is important to investigate the density of Aedes albopictus and its resistance to deltamethrin.MethodsThe Breteau index (BI) and container index (CI) were calculated to assess the larval density of Ae. albopictus and human-baited double net trap (HDN) surveillance was performed in six subordinate counties (Rencheng, Yanzhou, Sishui, Liangshan, Zoucheng and Jiaxiang) of Jining City in 2017 and 2018. The resistance of Ae. albopictus adults to deltamethrin was evaluated using the World Health Organization (WHO) standard resistance bioassay. The mutations at Vgsc codons 1532 and 1534 were also analysed to determine the association between kdr mutations and phenotypic resistance in adult mosquitoes.ResultsThe average BI, CI and biting rate at Jining were 45.30, 16.02 and 1.97 (female /man/hour) in 2017 and 15.95, 7.86 and 0.59 f/m/h in 2018, respectively. In August 26, 2017, when the first dengue fever case was diagnosed, the BI at Qianli village in Jiaxiang County was 107.27. The application of prevention and control measures by the government sharply decreased the BI to a value of 4.95 in September 3, 2017. The mortality of field-collected Ae. albopictus females from Jiaxiang was 41.98%. I1532T, F1534L and F1534S mutations were found in domain III of the Vgsc gene. This study provides the first demonstration that both I1532T and F1534S mutations are positively correlated with the deltamethrin-resistant phenotype.ConclusionsMosquito density surveillance, resistance monitoring and risk assessment should be strengthened in areas at risk for dengue to ensure the sustainable control of Ae. albopictus and thus the prevention and control of dengue transmission.
Highlights
Dengue fever outbreaks tend to spread northward in China, and Jining is the northernmost region where local dengue fever cases have been detected
Considering the ability of Ae. albopictus to invade new habitats, the increasing frequency of dengue epidemics and the mobility of human populations, it is expected that new indigenous dengue fever cases will continue to occur in Shandong, China, which is similar to the situation in Brazil and some European regions, where dengue cases have emerged due to the introduction of dengue-infected people and invasion of Aedes mosquitoes [11, 12]
It is worth noting that the Breteau index (BI) values in August 2017 and September 2018 were higher than those in the other months of the same year, as determined by Dunnett’s T3 test
Summary
Dengue fever outbreaks tend to spread northward in China, and Jining is the northernmost region where local dengue fever cases have been detected. In 2014, more than 40,000 cases of dengue fever, which is spread by Ae. albopictus, were reported in Guangzhou [7, 8], and the first local dengue fever case was reported in Hangzhou in 2015 [9] (Fig. 1). Considering the ability of Ae. albopictus to invade new habitats, the increasing frequency of dengue epidemics and the mobility of human populations, it is expected that new indigenous dengue fever cases will continue to occur in Shandong, China, which is similar to the situation in Brazil and some European regions, where dengue cases have emerged due to the introduction of dengue-infected people and invasion of Aedes mosquitoes [11, 12]. Dengue fever has become an important public health problem in China [13]
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