Abstract
Biomarkers for the determination of the dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol (DON) have been proposed in the past but so far no quantification of their use in humans has been carried out. Following a human intervention study with two mycotoxins, namely DON and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G), the renal excretion of these compounds, including their phase II metabolites, was analysed. The purpose was to develop biokinetic models that can be used to determine: (1) the preferred (set of) urinary biomarker(s), (2) the preferred urinary collection period, and (3) a method to estimate the dietary exposure to these mycotoxins. Twenty adult volunteers were restricted in consuming cereals and cereal-based foods for 4 days. At day 3, a single dose of 1 µg/kg body weight of DON or DON3G was orally administered to 16 volunteers; 4 volunteers served as control. All individual urine discharges were collected during 24 h after administration. The metabolism and renal excretion could be described by a biokinetic model using three physiological compartments (gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys). Kinetic analysis revealed a complete recovery of the renal excretion of total DON (mainly DON and its glucuronides) within 24 h after administration of DON or DON3G. The so-called ‘reverse dosimetry’ factor was used to determine the preferred (set of) biomarker(s) and to estimate the dietary intake of the parent compounds in the future. The fact that DON3G was absorbed and mainly excreted as DON and its glucuronides confirms that DON3G (as well as other modified forms) should be taken into account in the exposure and risk assessment of this group of mycotoxins.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are substances produced by micro-fungi growing on plants and derived products during their production and storage
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a foodborne mycotoxin that is primarily produced by Fusarium fungi
Biokinetic models were developed to analyse the renal excretion of these compounds, including their phase II metabolites. These models were used to determine: (1) the preferred urinary biomarker(s), (2) the preferred urinary collection period, and (3) a method to estimate the dietary exposure to these mycotoxins by means of biomonitoring
Summary
Mycotoxins are substances produced by micro-fungi growing on plants and derived products during their production and storage. The production of mycotoxins depends on the plant species itself, Toxins 2019, 11, 466; doi:10.3390/toxins11080466 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins. Toxins 2019, 11, 466 the fungal species, temperature, and humidity. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a foodborne mycotoxin that is primarily produced by Fusarium fungi. DON frequently occurs in grains and grain-based products [1]. DON-3-glucoside (DON3G) is a modified form of DON ( called masked DON) and is the main plant metabolite of DON [2,3]. Other forms of DON have been reported, like 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) [4]
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