Biomonitoring of bisphenols A, F, S and parabens in urine of breastfeeding mothers: Exposure and risk assessment

Abstract

In the present study we used human biomonitoring to assess the internal exposure and the risk to four parabens and three bisphenols in 103 Spanish breastfeeding mothers participating in the BETTERMIILK project. Urinary methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP) presented detection frequencies ranging from 12% (BP) to 92% (MP), while bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) were detected in 76% (BPA) and 20% (BPF, BPS) of the mothers. Average paraben concentrations (geometric mean) ranged from 0.021 ng mL−1 (BP) to 17.7 ng mL−1 (MP), whereas bisphenols had geometric means concentrations from 0.042 ng mL−1 (BPF) to 0.927 ng mL−1 (BPA).Except for BPA, the estimated daily intakes (EDI) were calculated in order to interpret urinary levels in a risk assessment context. The obtained EDIs ranged from 0.00042 mg/kg/day for PP to 0.0434 mg/kg/day for MP and EP. A hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated for BPA (0.0049) and parabens (0.001–0.004), showing no risk in the studied population.Sociodemographic characteristics, food consumption, and usage patterns of personal care products (PCPs) were investigated as possible determinants of exposure. Use of makeup and skincare products were associated with higher concentrations of MP and PP, respectively. Regarding dietary habits, MP was also associated with the consumption of packaged and bakery products.