Biomimetic mineralization on a macroporous cellulose-based matrix for bone regeneration.

Odeta Petrauskaite,Julius Maminskas,Pedro De Sousa Gomes,Maria Helena Fernandes,Gintaras Juodzbalys,Marco Cicciù,Jolanta Liesiene,Arturas Stumbras

doi:10.1155/2013/452750

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the biomimetic mineralization on a cellulose-based porous matrix with an improved biological profile. The cellulose matrix was precalcified using three methods: (i) cellulose samples were treated with a solution of calcium chloride and diammonium hydrogen phosphate; (ii) the carboxymethylated cellulose matrix was stored in a saturated calcium hydroxide solution; (iii) the cellulose matrix was mixed with a calcium silicate solution in order to introduce silanol groups and to combine them with calcium ions. All the methods resulted in a mineralization of the cellulose surfaces after immersion in a simulated body fluid solution. Over a period of 14 days, the matrix was completely covered with hydroxyapatite crystals. Hydroxyapatite formation depended on functional groups on the matrix surface as well as on the precalcification method. The largest hydroxyapatite crystals were obtained on the carboxymethylated cellulose matrix treated with calcium hydroxide solution. The porous cellulose matrix was not cytotoxic, allowing the adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblastic cells. Comparatively, improved cell adhesion and growth rate were achieved on the mineralized cellulose matrices.

Highlights

Several bone grafts techniques are currently available for favouring regenerative processes on bone trauma, or for promoting healing between two bones across a diseased joint, and for having new bone formation on site affected by disease, infection, or resection
The cellulose matrix was precalcified using three methods: (i) cellulose samples were treated with a solution of calcium chloride and diammonium hydrogen phosphate; (ii) the carboxymethylated cellulose matrix was stored in a saturated calcium hydroxide solution; (iii) the cellulose matrix was mixed with a calcium silicate solution in order to introduce silanol groups and to combine them with calcium ions
Improved cell adhesion and growth rate were achieved on the mineralized cellulose matrices

Summary

Introduction

Several bone grafts techniques are currently available for favouring regenerative processes on bone trauma, or for promoting healing between two bones across a diseased joint, and for having new bone formation on site affected by disease, infection, or resection. It is well known that by choosing an appropriate polymer [8] and ceramic, for example, hydroxyapatite (HA) due to its excellent osteoconductivity, biocompatibility, and bioactivity [9], it is possible to fabricate well functionalizing scaffolds. This composite material must be nontoxic, compatible with the surrounding biological systems, and biodegradable. Renewable, biocompatible, nontoxic, and biodegradable polymer [12] It has good mechanical properties because of the strong hydrogen bonding between the cellulose chains [13]. Several studies have carried out research to establish a direct bond between developed material and natural bone tissue: this consists

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