Abstract
New drug development is currently very expensive and time-consuming. In addition, some drugs that are approved after animal and clinical trials have their approval revoked because of adverse effects. About 30% of such drugs have heart side effects. Conventional cell-based drug toxicity tests are performed under conditions entirely different from the in vivo environment, and animal testing for drug evaluation has limitations because of differences between species. Therefore, researchers are increasingly focusing on developing models that can overcome these limitations to enable accurate drug toxicity tests. This review outlines biomimetic in vitro heart platforms, such as heart organoids, 3-dimensional bioprinting, and heart-on-a-chip devices, and describes their advantages, limitations, future perspectives. The development and use of effective cardiac biomimetic models could contribute to the development of alternatives to animal testing by providing more specific information on drug metabolism and reducing the rate of failure in later stages of drug development.
Highlights
Drug development is time-consuming, intensive, and costly, but few developed drugs are approved
The development and use of effective cardiac biomimetic models could contribute to the development of alternatives to animal testing by providing more specific information on drug metabolism and reducing the rate of failure in later stages of drug development
We review the biomimetic in vitro heart platforms developed to study myocardial function and pathology from a microenvironmental perspective and highlight examples of heart-on-achip devices used as testbeds for new drug development
Summary
Drug development is time-consuming, intensive, and costly, but few developed drugs are approved. Mills et al [24] developed a 96-well device for the functional screening of human cardiac organoids (hCOs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells and optimized its parameters, such as the extracellular substrate, metabolic substrate, and growth factor conditions that improve the function and maturity of cardiac tissue This high-throughput hCO platform can be used to study the mechanisms of cell cycle arrest. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas system is a genome editing technique that can be used to correct and mitigate disease-causing mutations [28] They have not yet been used to create a fully functional organism, complex hCOs are expected to be used in a wide range of fields, from observing heart disease progress, optimizing drug design, and evaluating drug toxicity to providing tools for preclinical trials (Fig. 1) [23,27,29–31]. Grosberg et al [35] used PDMS to develop a thin elastic film with a surface texture and implanted muscle cells on the membrane to form engineered
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
