Abstract
In repairing or replacing damaged bones, a dual concentric porous titanium scaffold (P-Tix-y) has emerged as a promising bio-mimic design. Herein, various P-Tix-y were made and sintered with relatively dense (x = 10, 20, or 30% porosity) and loose (y = 45, 55, or 65 porosity) structures. Firstly, NaCl was used as the pore-forming additive and followed by a hydrothermal removal method. The compressive strength of the as-formed P-Tix_y and surface morphology, nanomechanical property, and cells’ affinity on the cross-sectioned surface of P-Tix_y (CP-Tix_y) were then characterized. The results demonstrate that the compressive strength of P-Ti10_45, P-Ti20_45, or P-Ti20_55 exhibits a relatively mild decline (e.g., in the range of 181 and 97 MPa, higher than the required value of 70 MPa) and suitable porosities for the intended structure. Nano-hardness on the solid surface of CP-Tix_y shows roughly consistent with that of CP-Ti (i.e., ~8.78 GPa), thus, the porous structure of CP-Tix_y remains mostly unaffected by the addition of NaCl and subsequent sintering process. Most of the surfaces of CP-Tix_y exhibit high fibroblast (L929) cell affinity with low cell mortality. Notably, in the hFOB 1.19 cell adhesion and proliferation test, CP-Ti20_55 and CP-Ti20_65 reveal high cell viability, most probably relating with the assembly of dual porosities with interconnected pores. Overall, the sample P-Ti20_55 provides a relatively load-bearable design with high cell affinity and is thus promising as a three-dimensional bio-scaffold.
Highlights
Bones come in a variety of sizes and shapes and have a synergetic cortical and spongy structures as organized hard tissues, which have a compressive strength of ~170 MPa, a tensile strength of 104~121 MPa, and a very low shear stress strength of 51.6 MPa [1]
All the corresponding to the as-formed porosities) were associated with the measured compression stress values were respectively averaged (N = 6)
A continuous border between two porosities is confirmed by a nano-scratch test on the surfaces of the cross-sectioned P-Tix-y (CP-Tix-y )
Summary
Bones come in a variety of sizes and shapes and have a synergetic cortical and spongy structures as organized hard tissues, which have a compressive strength of ~170 MPa, a tensile strength of 104~121 MPa, and a very low shear stress strength of 51.6 MPa [1]. The outside cortical bone with only a few small canals accounts for ~80% of the skeletal mass and acts as a load-bearing support, which may contain relatively stiff trabecular bone. It has the ultimate compressive strength ranging from 90 to 200 MPa, while for cancellous bone, it ranges from 0.2 to 10.44 MPa [3]. In spite of relatively low strengths, the spongy bone has honeycomb-like structures with the spaces filling with fluid bone marrow cells, which make blood and some fat cells. Along with aging for example, it is a natural process
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