Biomimetic Composite Scaffold Based on Naturally Derived Biomaterials.

Ionela Andreea Neacsu,Vladimir Lucian Ene,Florin Iordache,Roxana Trusca,Adriana Petruta Serban,Adrian Ionut Nicoara

doi:10.3390/polym12051161

Abstract

This paper proposes the development of a biomimetic composite based on naturally derived biomaterials. This freeze-dried scaffold contains a microwave-synthesized form of biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HAp), using the interwoven hierarchical structure of eggshell membrane (ESM) as bio-template. The bone regeneration capacity of the scaffold is enhanced with the help of added tricalcium phosphate from bovine Bone ash (BA). With the addition of Gelatin (Gel) and Chitosan (CS) as organic matrix, the obtained composite is characterized by the ability to stimulate the cellular response and might accelerate the bone healing process. Structural characterization of the synthesized HAp (ESM) confirms the presence of both hydroxyapatite and monetite phases, in accordance with the spectroscopy results on the ESM before and after the microwave thermal treatment (the presence of phosphate group). Morphology studies on all individual components and final scaffold, highlight their morphology and porous structure, characteristics that influence the biocompatibility of the scaffold. Porosity, swelling rate and the in vitro cytotoxicity assays performed on amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC), demonstrate the effective biocompatibility of the obtained materials. The experimental results presented in this paper highlight an original biocomposite scaffold obtained from naturally derived materials, in a nontoxic manner.

Highlights

In recent decades, the treatment of bone defects has become a severe problem because of the increasing incidence of different types of accidents and diseases
The latter has found great application recently as an essential component of some bone cements due to its capability to resorb in vivo more rapidly than most of the calcium phosphates, facilitating the implant substitution with the newly formed tissue
2θ angles suggests the existence of a certain amount of retained the hydroxyapatite prepared using eggshell membrane (ESM), after microwave treatment

Summary

Introduction

The treatment of bone defects has become a severe problem because of the increasing incidence of different types of accidents and diseases. Allografts and autografts present major disadvantages, like lack of donors, donor morbidity site or immunogenic reactions [1,2]. The majority of accidents and diseases cause bone defects that cannot heal by themselves, so the development of more efficient treatments is still necessary. One can develop tridimensional systems that could heal and favor the formation of new bone, termed scaffolds. In the case of bone regeneration, scaffolds must possess other important properties like osseointegration and osseoconduction [3,4,5]. Natural bone itself is a composite made out of a main inorganic

Methods

Results

Conclusion