Abstract
The present study aimed to synthesize biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics (CaPs) composed of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) from the propagated Scleractinian coral and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous using a solid-state reaction followed by heat treatment at a temperature of 1100 °C for 1 h to 7 days. The as-prepared coral and coral-derived biphasic CaPs samples were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The cell response of the biphasic CaPs was evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity assessment using mouse fibroblast (L929) cells. The bilateral femoral defect rabbit model was used to assess the early local reaction of the coral-derived biphasic CaPs bone graft on tissue. The results confirmed that the co-existence of β-TCP and HAp was formed at 1100 °C for 1 h. The ratio of HA/β-TCP increased as the heat-treatment time increased. The coral-derived biphasic CaPs comprising 61% HAp and 39% β-TCP (defined as HT-3) were not cytotoxic. Furthermore, no significant differences in local tissue reaction were observed between the HT-3 sample and autogenous bone. Therefore, the synthesized coral-derived biphasic CaPs is a candidate for bone grafting due to its good biocompatibility.
Highlights
Coral exoskeletons possess unique interconnected porous architecture including tubular cavities ranging from 100 to 250 mm in length, similar to human bones and teeth, and have attracted attention in orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery [1,2]
The diffractogram of the SMP-44 sample shown in Figure 3b showed crystalline peaks corresponding to (Ca,Mg)CO3, but the peaks slightly shifted to larger diffraction angles (JCPDS 00-005-0622)
No significant differences in cell viability were observed among the blank, negative control (NC), heat-treated for 3 days (HT-3), and 50% HT-3 groups, and the cell viabilities were higher than those of the positive control (PC) group
Summary
Coral exoskeletons possess unique interconnected porous architecture including tubular cavities ranging from 100 to 250 mm in length, similar to human bones and teeth, and have attracted attention in orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery [1,2]. Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10 (PO4) (OH)2 ) is more similar to bone and teeth and shows lower solubility than calcium carbonates in the body fluids [7,8,9]. Biomimetic synthesis methods have been explored to include HAp and other CaP with the calcium carbonate microstructure with the interconnected macroporosity [10,11,12,13,14]. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the bioceramics from these biogenic sources have dual functions of osteoconduction and osteoinduction [13,14]
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