Abstract
Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) are a novel class of porous hybrid organic−inorganic materials that have attracted increasing attention over the past decade. MOFs can be used in chemical engineering, materials science, and chemistry applications. Recently, these structures have been thoroughly studied as promising platforms for biomedical applications. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, they are regarded as promising candidates for disease diagnosis and drug delivery. Their well-defined structure, high porosity, tunable frameworks, wide range of pore shapes, ultrahigh surface area, relatively low toxicity, and easy chemical functionalization have made them the focus of extensive research. This review highlights the up-to-date progress of MOFs as potential platforms for disease diagnosis and drug delivery for a wide range of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders, and ocular diseases. A brief description of the synthesis methods of MOFs is first presented. Various examples of MOF-based sensors and DDSs are introduced for the different diseases. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are discussed to provide context for the future development of MOFs as efficient platforms for disease diagnosis and drug delivery systems.
Highlights
Improving health and extending the lifespan of the human population necessitate the development of therapeutic agents in the form of chemical agents and bioactive composites.Many of these composites are ideal candidates for treating acute diseases such as cancer and diabetes, as well as kidney, cardiovascular, and microbial diseases [1]
This type of synthesis depends on the concept of sonochemistry, where a chemical reaction occurs by applying ultrasound radiations with frequencies between 20 kHz, the reaction occurs by applying ultrasound radiations with frequencies between 20 kHz, the upper limit of human hearing, and 10 MHz
Metal−Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have exceptional properties that promote their use as platforms for disease diagnosis and drug delivery, several challenges still exist in this field
Summary
Improving health and extending the lifespan of the human population necessitate the development of therapeutic agents in the form of chemical agents and bioactive composites. Significant drawbacks limit their use in biomedical applications, including poor solubility, poor body absorption, poor bioavailability, and unselective biodistribution [1] This usually leads to damaging healthy tissues [2], burst release [3], and cardiotoxicity effects [4,5]. Nanomedicine is a promising field that employs the information and methods of nanoscience in medical biology and disease prevention and treatment [1] It involves the use of nano-dimensional substances such as nanorobots, nanovehicles, nanosensors for disubstances such as nanorobots, nanovehicles, and nanosensors forand diagnosis and delivery agnosis and delivery purposes, as well as activating materials in live cells.
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