Abstract
Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD-NS) are a novel class of polymers cross-linked with a three-dimensional network and can be obtained from cyclodextrins (CD) and pyromellitic dianhydride. Their properties, such as their ability to form an inclusion complex with drugs, can be used in biomedical science, as nanosponges influence stability, toxicity, selectivity, and controlled release. Most pharmaceutical research use CD-NS for the delivery of drugs in cancer treatment. Application of molecular targeting techniques result in increased selectivity of CD-NS; for example, the addition of disulfide bridges to the polymer structure makes the nanosponge sensitive to the presence of glutathione, as it can reduce such disulfide bonds to thiol moieties. Other delivery applications include dermal transport of pain killers or photosensitizers and delivery of oxygen to heart cells. This gives rise to the opportunity to transition to medical scaffolds, but more, in modern times, to create an ultrasensitive biosensor, which employs the techniques of surface-modified nanoparticles and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP). The following review focuses on the biomedical research of cyclodextrin polymers cross-linked via dianhydrides of carboxylic acids.
Highlights
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are conical, truncated macrocycles; the α, β- and γ-CD consist of six, seven, and eight α-D-glucose units, respectively
In the contrast to melting, cyclodextrin is treated with a polar aprotic solvent, and this mixture is added in excess to the solution of the cross-linking agent
Carboxylate cross-linkedinβ-cyclodextrin cross-linked via of pyromellitic can be considered as an effective vehicle in the oral drug delivery system resveratroldianhydride cross-linked via pyromellitic dianhydride can be considered as an effective vehicle in the oral drug low bioavailability, and is chemically unstable due to its photosensitivity
Summary
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are conical, truncated macrocycles; the α-, β- and γ-CD consist of six, seven, and eight α-D-glucose units, respectively. Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD-NS) are cyclodextrin polymers with a high degree of cross-linking and a three-dimensional network. They are insoluble, swelling materials with complexing properties, and nanometric porosity. A multi-functional monomer, cyclodextrin, needs to be treated with a dual or multi-functional cross-linking agent to obtain this category of polymers. CD-NS can form typical CD inclusion complexes, as in the case of CDs themselves, as well as non-inclusion complexes This leads to the creation of larger spaces in the polymer structure. Trotta (2011) introduced synthesis methods and other applications of CD-NS, among others, in pharmacy (controlled release of drugs), catalysis, cosmetics, agrochemistry, etc. [18,19,20]
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