Biomechanical muscle properties and angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism: a model-based study

Abstract

Previous studies reported an association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D gene polymorphism with physical performance. The study was based on the hypothesis that certain individual biomechanical muscle properties could be associated with ACE genotype and that they could influence athletes' physical performance. Movement-independent individual biomechanical muscle properties of 62 sports students were determined by applying a mathematical model to experimental data. Subjects exerted concentric and isometric contractions at a leg-press. The model was based on a Hill-type muscle model, a function describing the geometrical arrangement of human leg extensor muscles, and an exponential function describing muscle activation. Mouthwash samples were taken to determine the ACE genotypes. Several combinations of experimentally determined biomechanical properties served as input variables for a discriminant analysis. We were able to show that individual biomechanical muscle properties correlated with ACE I/D gene polymorphism. With a combination of certain individual muscle parameters based on a Hill-type muscle model, we were able to separate three individual ACE genotypes (II, ID, DD) in a significant way (P<0.03) and correctly classify 89% of the cases using a discriminant analysis. We conclude that local biomechanical muscle properties are influenced by ACE genotype.