Biomechanical effects of the extent of sacrectomy on the stability of lumbo-iliac reconstruction using iliac screw techniques: What level of sacrectomy requires the bilateral dual iliac screw technique?

Abstract

Background Although both single and dual iliac screw techniques are used in spino-pelvic reconstruction following sacrectomy for treating sacral tumors, the basis for choosing between the two techniques for different instability types remains undetermined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the extent of sacrectomy on the stability of the lumbo-iliac fixation construct using single and dual iliac screw techniques. Methods Nine human L2-pelvic specimens were tested for their intact condition simulated by L3–L5 pedicle screw fixation. Sequential partial sacrectomies and L3-iliac fixation using bilateral single and dual iliac screws were conducted on the same specimens as follows: under-S1 sacrectomy + single screw, under-½S1 sacrectomy + single screw, one-side sacroiliac joint resection + single screw, total sacrectomy + single screw, and total sacrectomy + dual screw. Biomechanical testing was performed on a material testing machine for evaluating the stiffness of the L3-iliac fixation construct in compression and torsion. Findings Single iliac screw technique was found to effectively restore the local stability in under-½S1 sacrectomy. However, it could not provide adequate stability for further resection of one-side sacroiliac joint in torsion and total sacrectomy in compression ( P < 0.05). On the other hand, dual iliac screw technique could restore the stability to the intact condition after total sacrectomy in both compression and torsion. Interpretation The single iliac screw technique for L3-iliac fixation could effectively restore the local stability for under-½S1 sacrectomy. However, for instabilities of the under-½S1 sacrectomy with one-side sacroiliac joint resection or total sacrectomy, the dual iliac screw technique should be considered.