Biomechanical comparison of one pin versus two pin fixation in a canine tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture model.

Abstract

To determine whether one larger or two smaller diameter pins used for tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture (TTAF) stabilization provides greater axial tensile strength and stiffness when subjected to monotonic mechanical load to failure in normal skeletally mature canine cadavers. Paired ex vivo biomechanical study. Eleven pairs of adult cadaveric dog tibias. Twenty-two tibias from 11 dogs were collected to model a TTAF. Each limb of a pair was randomly assigned a one or two-pin fixation. Tibias were subjected to monotonic, axial load to failure. Fixation stiffness, strength, and pin insertion angles were analyzed with parametric testing. Significance was set at p < .05. The mean strength of the single-pin fixation was 426.2 ± 50.5 N compared to two-pin fixation at 639.2 ± 173.5 N (p = .003). The mean stiffness of the single-pin fixation was 57.3 ± 18.7 N/mm and the two-pin fixation was 71.7 ± 20.5 N/mm (p = .029). The normalized ratio between one and two-pin fixation had a mean stiffness of 68% ± 25.8% and strength of 82.8% ± 24.6%. In an ex vivo cadaveric TTAF model, vertically aligned two-pin fixation offers greater strength and stiffness when compared to a single-pin fixation. When repairing TTAF, surgeons should aim to apply two vertically aligned pins rather than a single pin for greater strength and stiffness.