Abstract
Cardiovascular biomaterials (CB) dominate the category of biomaterials based on the demand and investments in this field. This review article classifies the CB into three major classes, namely, metals, polymers, and biological materials and collates the information about the CB. Blood compatibility is one of the major criteria which limit the use of biomaterials for cardiovascular application. Several key players are associated with blood compatibility and they are discussed in this paper. To enhance the compatibility of the CB, several surface modification strategies were in use currently. Some recent applications of surface modification technology on the materials for cardiovascular devices were also discussed for better understanding. Finally, the current trend of the CB, endothelization of the cardiac implants and utilization of induced human pluripotent stem cells (ihPSCs), is also presented in this review. The field of CB is growing constantly and many new investigators and researchers are developing interest in this domain. This review will serve as a one stop arrangement to quickly grasp the basic research in the field of CB.
Highlights
Last ten decades have shown tremendous growth in the field of material science and it is very synonymous to say that some materials have been used successfully to replace, assist, and repair some parts of the body and its functions
Diamond like carbon has similar advantages as SiC and it provides higher hardness and smoothness, lower frictional coefficient, chemical inertness, biostability, and good blood compatibility making it an elegant choice for the applications on vascular stents, artificial heart valves (AHV) and ventricular assist devices (VAD) [71]. Another important chemical modification of cardiovascular implants is the use of polyethylene oxide (PEO) (–CH2–CH2–O)n and the related molecule polyethylene glycol (PEG) with hydrophilic long chain (HO– [CH2–CH2–O]n–H)
Target lesion revascularization rates were higher with increasing age and there was no difference in stent thrombosis [94]. Another worthy research to mention is the use of exponential enrichment technology in which DNA-aptamers with a high affinity to endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) were identified
Summary
Last ten decades have shown tremendous growth in the field of material science and it is very synonymous to say that some materials have been used successfully to replace, assist, and repair some parts of the body and its functions. Williams around 1987 stated “a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems” [1] It was in 1999, Williams defined biocompatibility as “ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific situation” [2]. CB is used, two important considerations should be weighed ; namely, (1) physical and mechanical features such as strength and deformation, fatigue and creep, friction and wear resistance, flow resistance and pressure drop, and other characteristics to be engineered must be considered and (2) biocompatibility or compatibility refers to material and tissue interactions are to be considered. Biocompatibility of cardiovascular biomaterials is discussed briefly before we move into the classification
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