Abstract
Dyes, especially azo dyes contained in wastewaters released from textile, pigment, and leather industries, are entering into natural waterbodies. This results in environmental deterioration and serious health damages (for example carcinogenicity and mutagenesis) through food chains. Physiochemical, membrane processes, electrochemical technology, advanced oxidation processes, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, electrodialysis, electrolysis, and adsorption techniques are commonly used conventional treatment technologies. However, the limitations of most of these methods include the generation of toxic sludge, high operational and maintenance costs. Thus, technological advancements are in use to remediate dyes from effluents. Adsorption using the nonconventional biomass-based sorbents is the greatest attractive alternatives because of their low cost, sustainability, availability, and eco-friendly. We present and reviewed up-to-date publications on biomass-based sorbents used for dye removal. Conceptualization and synthesizing their state-of-the-art knowledge on their characteristics, experimental conditions used were also discussed. The merits and limitations of various biosorbents were also reflected. The maximum dye adsorption capacities of various biosorbents were reviewed and synthesized in the order of the biomass type (algae, agricultural, fungal, bacterial, activated carbon, yeast, and others). Surface chemistry, pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dose as well as the ways of the preparations of materials affect the biosorption process. Based on the average dye adsorption capacity, those sorbents were arranged and prioritized. The best fit of the adsorption isotherms (for example Freundlich and Langmuir models) and basic operating parameters on the removal dyes were retrieved. Which biomass-based adsorbents have greater potential for dye removal based on their uptake nature, cost-effectiveness, bulk availability, and mono to multilayer adsorption behavior was discussed. The basic limitations including the desorption cycles of biomass-based adsorbent preparation and operation for the implementation of this technology were forwarded.
Highlights
Availability of accepted quality of water is one of the major problems faced in the 21st century (Zhou et al, 2019; AlAmshawee et al, 2019)
We present and reviewed up-to-date publications on biomass-based sorbents used for dye removal
The present review evaluates the adsorption of dyes using bioadsorbents prepared from various biomasses, detailed adsorptive applications, and removal capacities of the prepared adsorbents for different types of dyes
Summary
Availability of accepted quality of water is one of the major problems faced in the 21st century (Zhou et al, 2019; AlAmshawee et al, 2019). Different varieties of nonconventional sorbents have been investigated for their capacity to remove various types of contaminants from the wastewater (Sivaranjanee and Kumar, 2021), but a report of various low-cost adsorbents shows limited sorption potential than commercial activated carbon in the removal of various pollutants (Ahmad et al, 2011a; Varghese et al, 2019) In contrast to these investigations, Hassan and Carr (2021) reviewed studies that revealed the dye-adsorption capacity of some carbonaceous adsorbents derived from biomasses and their composites is noticeably higher than the commercial activated carbon adsorbents (Hassan and Carr, 2021). This review could discourse a literature review in one referenced paper that can draw up the separated publications to the area resulting in suggestion of new/ modified research tips by synthesizing at-hand studies
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