Biomass and waste derived silica, activated carbon and ammonia-based materials for energy-related applications – A review

Abstract

The present review article aims to highlight the importance and availability of biomass and focuses on energy applications such as fuel cells, supercapacitors, batteries, and solar cells from biomass-based materials like silica, activated carbon and ammonia because these materials play a major role in energy application. We specifically discuss the yield, purity, and availability of activated carbon and silica from waste biomass, as well as new developments in this field of biomass and waste-based materials manufacturing processes. This review shows that biomass and waste-based materials have great potential for energy applications. Among them, silica and activated carbon are mostly studying materials. However, ammonia production from biomass is very limited currently. It addresses and encourages additional research to support actual uses of biomass and waste-based materials, especially biomass-derived ammonia in energy storage and conversion domains. Here, we discuss the most recent advancements in biomass and waste-derived materials. In order to gain a better understanding ofthe processes underlying their improved performance, numerous new achievements have been noted. The best biomass and waste-derived materials for futuristic energy devices are then highlighted.