Abstract
As a neurotologic disorder of persistent non-vertiginous dizziness, chronic subjective dizziness (CSD) arises unsteadily by psychological and physiological imbalance. The CSD is hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to complex motions visual stimuli. However, the pathophysiological features and mechanism of the CSD still remains unclearly. The present study was purposed to establish possible endogenous contributors of the CSD using serum samples from patients with the CSD. A total 199 participants were gathered and divided into two groups; healthy (n = 152, male for 61, and female for 91) and CSD (n = 47, male for 5, female for 42), respectively. Oxidative stress parameters such as, hydrogen peroxide and reactive substances were significantly elevated (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001), whereas endogenous antioxidant components including total glutathione contents, and activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly deteriorated in the CSD group (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) as comparing to the healthy group, respectively. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor -α and interferon-γ were significantly increased in the CSD participants (p < 0.001). Additionally, emotional stress related hormones including cortisol, adrenaline, and serotonin were abnormally observed in the serum levels of the CSD group (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). Our results confirmed that oxidative stress and antioxidants are a critical contributor of pathophysiology of the CSD, and that is first explored to establish features of redox system in the CSD subjects compared to a healthy population.
Highlights
Since mid of two thousand years, chronic subjective dizziness (CSD) has been used as termination of medial field to explain the specific pathological conditions of persistent, non-vertiginous dizziness, subjective imbalance, and hypersensitivity to motion cues in the lack of active vestibular deficits[1,2]
To comprehend the exact pathophysiological condition of the CSD, take apart from relying on the symptoms, we aimed to observe to find out a convincing contributor to accomplish the CSD in serum levels which are mainly focusing on the endogenous redox system as comparing with healthy populations
These efforts accomplish to validate the primary symptoms of the CSD; the CSD generally are generated by interactions between neuro-otologic and behavioral elements, it is difficult for clinicians to accurately recognize and categorize of patients with the CSD
Summary
Since mid of two thousand years, chronic subjective dizziness (CSD) has been used as termination of medial field to explain the specific pathological conditions of persistent, non-vertiginous dizziness, subjective imbalance, and hypersensitivity to motion cues in the lack of active vestibular deficits[1,2]. The CSD is mainly arisen from neurotologic or other pathological events including acute vertigo, unsteadiness, or dizziness, and they are corresponded to vestibular neuritis, pre-syncope, or panic attacks[3]. The main and general symptoms of the CSD are represented by emotional behaviors, therapeutic accesses are very limited. Some of treating methods are available including vestibular therapy[7], cognitive behavioral therapy[8,9], or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) which was generally used to treat depression[1,2,10], which is focusing on the relieving the main symptoms. To comprehend the exact pathophysiological condition of the CSD, take apart from relying on the symptoms, we aimed to observe to find out a convincing contributor to accomplish the CSD in serum levels which are mainly focusing on the endogenous redox system as comparing with healthy populations
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