Biomarkers of Hemostatic Dysregulation and Inflammation in Lymphoma: Potential Relevance to Thrombogenesis

Abstract

ObjectiveCancer‐associated thrombosis and venous thromboembolism (VTE) continue to be a major complication of malignancy. There is increased incidence of clinically overt deep thrombosis (DVT) in cancer patients. Profiling biomarkers involved in hemostatic dysregulation and inflammatory processes in the lymphoma patient population may provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of thrombotic complications in lymphoma. This study aimed to profile hemostatic dysregulation and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. The primary hypothesis of this study is that hemostatic activation and inflammatory biomarkers may be increased in lymphoma patients.MethodsCitrated blood samples were collected from the Hematology Clinic, University of Belgrade, Serbia. Plasma levels of plasmin activator (PAI‐1), D‐dimer (DD), Factor XIIIa (XIIIa), C‐reactive protein (CRP), microparticle (MP), Von Willebrand Factor (vWF), Protein S (PS), urokinase like plasminogen activator (uPA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), Beta 2 glycoprotein (β2GPI), and Fibronectin (FN) were measured in 96 lymphoma patients, along with a control/pooled plasma prepared from 50 healthy normal individuals. Commercially available ELISA kits were used for profiling these markers. All results were compiled and calculated as mean + SD and % change.ResultsThe results from this study demonstrated elevated levels of DD, CRP, vWF, TNF‐α, uPA, and PS in comparison to normal human plasma. Plasma levels were decreased for PAI‐1 (3%), XIIIa (5%), MP (46%), β2GPI (8%) and FC (15%). Of the lymphoma patient samples with elevated levels of biomarkers, 34% of individual patients had elevated DD, 66% had elevated CRP levels, 50% had elevated vWF levels, 80% had elevated levels of TNFα, and 90% had elevated levels of uPA. However, when comparing each specific type of lymphoma in relation to the ratio of each biomarkers (DD, CRP, vWF, TNF‐α, and uPA), there was no significant difference between individual lymphoma subgroups (p>.05).ConclusionThe elevated levels of hemostatic dysregulation and inflammatory biomarkers in lymphoma patient samples are suggestive of an increased VTE risk in these patients. The elevated DD, CRP, vWF, TNFα, and uPA clearly suggest a trend towards increased thrombogenesis. Individual patients showing increased amounts of each elevated biomarker proves the significance and use of D‐dimer, CRP, vWF, TNFα and uPA in identifying the level of thrombosis risk.Support or Funding InformationNone.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.