Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the popular topics of discussions due to increasing development of biomarkers recently. The disease progression and prognosis may be determined by these biomarkers detected in blood and urine specimens. Since acute kidney injury is associated with a broad spectrum of disease conditions, prevention and early detection of AKI becomes very important in those clinical settings. Early measurements of AKI biomarkers predict subsequent development of intrinsic AKI, dialysis requirement, duration of intensive care unit stay and finally affect mortality. We, here, discuss the acute kidney injury in different clinical situations and associated natures of biomarkers, which may help us guide to prevent and treat AKI more effectively.
Highlights
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality encounter in hospitalized patients, especially intensive care centers
Since acute kidney injury is associated with a broad spectrum of disease conditions, prevention and early detection of AKI becomes very important in those clinical settings
Acute kidney injury (AKI), a preferred nomenclature to previously termed acute renal failure, refers to a spectrum of disease ranging from a minimal elevation in serum creatinine to anuric renal failure, clinically manifested by changes in blood chemistry and fluid disturbances
Summary
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality encounter in hospitalized patients, especially intensive care centers. For three grades of increasing severity (Risk of acute renal failure, Injury to the kidney, Failure of kidney function) and two outcome classes (Loss of kidney function and End-stage kidney disease) (RIFLE classification) [1,2]. The Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) group modified the AKI definition based on RIFLE criteria in 2005 [4]. This new staging system classified the patients with a change in serum creatinine (SCr) concentration ≥ 0.3 mg/dl (≥26.4 μmol/l) within 48 hours as AKIN stage 1, whereas patients receiving renal replacement therapy are included in AKIN Stage 3. RIFLE-Risk classified as Stage 1, RIFLE-Injury and Failure as Stages 2 and 3, respectively; and the two outcome classes RIFLE-Loss and RIFLE-End stage kidney disease has been removed [4] (Table 1)
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