Abstract
Prostate cancer, with a lifetime prevalence of one in six men, is the second cause of malignancy-related death and the most prevalent cancer in men in many countries. Nowadays, prostate cancer diagnosis is often based on the use of biomarkers, especially prostate-specific antigen (PSA) which can result in enhanced detection at earlier stage and decreasing in the number of metastatic patients. However, because of the low specificity of PSA, unnecessary biopsies and mistaken diagnoses frequently occur. Prostate cancer has various features so prognosis following diagnosis is greatly variable. There is a requirement for new prognostic biomarkers, particularly to differentiate between inactive and aggressive forms of disease, to improve clinical management of prostate cancer. Research continues into finding additional markers that may allow this goal to be attained. We here selected a group of candidate biomarkers including PSA, PSA velocity, percentage free PSA, TGFβ1, AMACR, chromogranin A, IL-6, IGFBPs, PSCA, biomarkers related to cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, PTEN, androgen receptor, cellular adhesion and angiogenesis, and also prognostic biomarkers with Genomic tests for discussion. This provides an outline of biomarkers that are presently of prognostic interest in prostate cancer investigation.
Highlights
One of the most important health problems in men is prostate cancer (Howlader et al, 2011)
Prostate cancer diagnosis is often based on the use of biomarkers, especially prostate-specific antigen (PSA) which can result in enhanced detection at earlier stage and decreasing in the number of metastatic patients
We here selected a group of candidate biomarkers including PSA, PSA velocity, percentage free PSA, Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGFβ1), AMACR, chromogranin A, IL-6, Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs), Prostate-Stem Cell Antigen (PSCA), biomarkers related to cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, PTEN, androgen receptor, cellular adhesion and angiogenesis, and prognostic biomarkers with Genomic tests for discussion
Summary
One of the most important health problems in men is prostate cancer (Howlader et al, 2011) It is an older men disease as the rate of prostate cancer increases significantly after of 40 year and about two-thirds of all prostate cancers occur in men 65 and older (Howlader et al, 2011; Timothy Wilt, 2013). The symptoms of prostate cancer are infrequent at the time of diagnosis, because of local growth of the tumor, symptoms of urinary obstruction like decreased urinary stream, urgency, hesitancy, nocturia and incomplete bladder emptying may occur. These nonspecific symptoms are more indicative for benign prostatic hyperplasia (Lawrence, 2011). Energy intake, vasectomy, physical activity and anthropometry (Bostwick et al, 2004)
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