Abstract
An overview of noteworthy new methods of biomarker determination based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is presented. Biomarkers can be used to identify the occurrence and development of diseases, which furthers the understanding of biological processes in the body. Accurate detection of a disease-specific biomarker is helpful for the identification, early diagnosis and prevention of a disease and for monitoring during treatment. The search for and discovery of valuable biomarkers have become important research hotspots. Different diseases have different biomarkers, some of which are involved in metabolic processes. Therefore, the fingerprint characteristics and band intensities in SERS spectra have been used to identify metabolites and analyze markers. As a promising technique, SERS has been widely used for the quantitative and qualitative determination of different types of biomarkers for different diseases. SERS techniques provide new technologies for the diagnosis of disease-related markers and determining the basis for clinical treatment. Herein, several SERS-based methods with excellent sensitivity and selectivity for the determination of biomarkers for tumors, viruses, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiac muscle tissue injury, and cell activity are highlighted.
Highlights
Various diseases are caused by lifestyle habits, environmental pollution, occupational hazards, natural and biological factors, chronic stimulation and trauma, iatrogenic factors and other external factors, and certain diseases are fatal [1,2]
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are characterized by rapid onset and high mortality [3]
Van Duyne [17] and Creighton [18] et al studied the same system in detail, excluding an increase in the number of molecules and the influence of resonance, and pointed out that the 5–6 orders of magnitude enhancement of the Raman signal from pyridine molecules is caused by the rough electrode surface
Summary
Various diseases are caused by lifestyle habits, environmental pollution, occupational hazards, natural and biological factors, chronic stimulation and trauma, iatrogenic factors and other external factors, and certain diseases are fatal [1,2]. Van Duyne [17] and Creighton [18] et al studied the same system in detail, excluding an increase in the number of molecules and the influence of resonance, and pointed out that the 5–6 orders of magnitude enhancement of the Raman signal from pyridine molecules is caused by the rough electrode surface This discovery aroused widespread interest in the scientific community, and this phenomenon was named SERS. (2) In situ extraction, specific recognition and SERS signal acquisition of target molecules in complex systems: Using SERS technology to detect tumor cells is very complex, along with the study of related tumor markers and early intracellular processes. The content/proportion of target molecules is very low These factors require that a SERS analysis platform offers SERS detection and separation and specific recognition. The detection of multiple tumor markers, the detection of biomarkers for various diseases (Alzheimer’s disease and cardiac muscle tissue injury), the detection of viruses based on viral nonstructural proteins, the determination of cell activity, and the monitoring of cell apoptosis are discussed
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