Biomarkers and Therapeutic Interventions for Cardiorenal Syndrome: A Literature Review.

Abstract

Acute or chronic cardiac and renal failure interact to worsen both organs' states in cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), a complicated medical disorder. This review covers biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in CRS management, highlighting current advancements and future prospects. A Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed search technique was used to examine relevant material from 2019-2024. Troponin and NT-proBNP are important cardiac biomarkers for CRS severity assessment, disease progression, and therapy options. Serum creatinine, cystatin C, and NGAL also reveal renal function and prognosis. In CRS, albuminuria, a measure of renal function and chronic kidney disease severity, is related to poor outcomes.Diuretics and ultrafiltration reduce fluid excess in CRS, while RAAS inhibitors increase survival and reverse cardiac remodeling in heart failure patients. SGLT2 inhibitors may protect the kidneys and heart. In certain cardiac diseases, non-pharmacological methods like ICDs and CRT may help. This review concludes with advancements in CRS biomarkers and treatment. Cardiac and renal biomarkers can predict CRS and SGLT2 inhibitors may improve CRS therapy. Research is required to improve these therapies and investigate other therapeutic ways to improve patient outcomes.