Abstract
Two regions of northern Spain, Gipuzkoa, and Cantabria present high annual incidence of listeriosis (1.86 and 1.71 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively). We report that the high annual incidences are a consequence of infection with highly virulent Listeria monocytogenes isolates linked to fatal outcomes in elderly patients with cancer. In addition, listeriosis patients with cancer present low IL-17A/IL-6 ratios and significantly reduced levels of anti-GAPDH1–22 antibodies, identified as two novel biomarkers of poor prognosis. Analysis of these biomarkers may aid in reducing the incidence of listeriosis. Moreover, GAPDH1–22-activated monocyte-derived dendritic cells of listeriosis patients with cancer seem useful tools to prepare clinical vaccines as they produce mainly Th1 cytokines.
Highlights
In Spain, increased cases of listeriosis were recorded between 2008 and 2014, with up to 1.15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants according to the last European summary report in 2014, signifying one of the highest incidences of listeriosis in Europe [1,2,3,4]
Listeriosis patients with autoimmune diseases or miscarriages showed high levels of IL-17A/IL-6 ratios (Table S1 in Supplementary Material). These results indicate that impairment of the Th17/Th2 balance toward Th2 responses may present a risk factor leading to fatal outcomes
Fatal outcomes were only observed in listeriosis patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and not in autoimmune or renal-hepatic transplanted patients receiving immunesuppressants or in the elderly, arguing low Th17 immune abilities caused by chemotherapy were risk factors more important than immune-senescence or autoimmunity
Summary
In Spain, increased cases of listeriosis were recorded between 2008 and 2014, with up to 1.15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants according to the last European summary report in 2014, signifying one of the highest incidences of listeriosis in Europe [1,2,3,4]. Over this period, outbreaks were documented in Austria, Portugal, Spain, and Denmark [1, 5,6,7,8]. Despite accumulating epidemiological data on listeriosis [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14], effective immunological biomarkers are yet to be established that a priori appear to represent valuable tools to prepare clinical vaccines for patients at high risk of listeriosis, which may help to reduce the incidence of infectious disease
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