Abstract
The study applied 1H NMR-based plasma metabolomics to identify candidate biomarkers of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ingestion in dairy cows fed no sequestering agents and evaluate the effect of supplementing clay and/or a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on such biomarkers. Eight lactating cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design with 2 squares. Treatments were: control, toxin (T; 1725 µg AFB1/head/day), T with clay (CL; 200 g/head/day), and CL with SCFP (CL + SCFP; 35 g of SCFP/head/day). Cows in T, CL, and CL + SCFP were dosed with AFB1 from d 26 to 30. The sequestering agents were top-dressed from d 1 to 33. On d 30 of each period, 15 mL of blood was taken from the coccygeal vessels and plasma samples were prepared by centrifugation. Compared to the control, T decreased plasma concentrations of alanine, acetic acid, leucine, arginine and valine. In contrast, T increased plasma ethanol concentration 3.56-fold compared to control. Treatment with CL tended to reduce sarcosine concentration, whereas treatment with CL + SCFP increased concentrations of mannose and 12 amino acids. Based on size of the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic and fold change (FC) analyses, ethanol was the most significantly altered metabolite in T (AUC = 0.88; FC = 3.56); hence, it was chosen as the candidate biomarker of aflatoxin ingestion in dairy cows fed no sequestering agent.
Highlights
Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxins produced by strains of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nominus on growing forages or stored feeds [1]
Detailed results on treatment effects on dairy cow performance and milk aflatoxin concentration were reported in our companion paper [7]
The experiment was part of a larger study that evaluated the effect of supplementing clay with or without a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on the performance and health of dairy cows challenged with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)
Summary
Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxins produced by strains of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nominus on growing forages or stored feeds [1]. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) is the most widely studied and potent carcinogen among all aflatoxins [2]. Up to 6% of its metabolite can be transferred into milk as aflatoxin M1 [3]. Aflatoxin ingestion by cows and the resultant aflatoxicosis cause effects such as reduced cow health and performance, impaired liver function, and increased susceptibility to diseases [4]. Toxins 2018, 10, 545 cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP), have been documented to reduce the transfer of aflatoxin into the milk of dairy cows [5,6]. Our recent study revealed that supplementation of diet with both
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