Abstract
Predatory king crabs (Lithodidae) structure benthic communities in their native habitats and cause shifts in the composition of benthic assemblages when introduced to new environments. Cold temperatures have apparently excluded skeleton-breaking predators from the continental shelf around Antarctica for millions of years, but recent increases in sea temperatures off the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) may be allowing lithodids to return. Imaging surveys have revealed dense populations of the lithodid Paralomis birsteini (Macpherson 1988) living on the continental slope off the WAP, but the biology of these populations remains poorly understood. We collected 51 adult P. birsteini in a trapping study on the slope off Marguerite Bay, WAP from depths of 1200–1400 m. Of the 51 crabs, 42 were males and 9 were females. Four females were ovigerous, carrying eggs at various stages of development. Rates of parasitism and limb regeneration were comparable to populations of lithodids elsewhere in the world, although the proportion of limb loss was relatively high. Externa of the parasite Briarosaccus callosus was obvious in both males and females, with one individual bearing hyperparasites (probably Liriopsis pygmaea). Gill necrosis was also observed in several dissected males. The success of contemporary lithodid populations on the Antarctic slope suggests they have the potential to expand upward to the continental shelf.
Highlights
King crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae) are found in the deep sea globally and in shallow water at subpolar latitudes (Hall and Thatje 2009)
carapace length (CL) was slightly larger than carapace width (CW) in both sexes
Our data support previous observations that populations of lithodids are established on the continental slope off the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) (Aronson et al 2015)
Summary
King crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae) are found in the deep sea globally and in shallow water at subpolar latitudes (Hall and Thatje 2009). They predominantly inhabit cold-water environments, but a physiological intolerance of temperatures below *0.4 °C has apparently excluded them and other skeleton-crushing (durophagous) decapods from the Antarctic shelf for millions of years (Thatje et al 2005; Aronson et al 2007; Hall and Thatje 2011). Deliberate introduction of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus in the Barents Sea has led to a marked reduction in epifaunal and infaunal invertebrates at some coastal locations (Britayev et al 2010; Falk-Petersen et al 2011; Oug et al 2011). The introduced green crab Carcinus maenas has significantly reduced the abundances of benthic invertebrates in the areas of North America that it has invaded (Grosholz et al 2000).
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