Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is among the most important infectious agents causing infertility in pigs. Until recently, it was thought that the virus had low genetic variance, and that prevention of its harmful effect on pig fertility could be well-controlled by vaccination. However, at the beginning of the third millennium, field observations raised concerns about the effectiveness of the available vaccines against newly emerging strains. Subsequent investigations radically changed our view on the evolution and immunology of PPV, revealing that the virus is much more diverse than it was earlier anticipated, and that some of the “new” highly virulent isolates cannot be neutralized effectively by antisera raised against “old” PPV vaccine strains. These findings revitalized PPV research that led to significant advancements in the understanding of early and late viral processes during PPV infection. Our review summarizes the recent results of PPV research and aims to give a comprehensive update on the present understanding of PPV biology.
Highlights
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) (Porcine Parvovirus (Ungulate parvovirus 1 in the Protoparvirus genus) was first recognized as a member of the Parvoviridae family and causative agent of SMEDI syndrome at the end of the 1960s [1,2,3]
Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate that PPV infection during the first half of pregnancy can lead to reproductive failure [6,7,8,9,10,11]
This is Alternatively, it was suggested that PPV invades the fetus in or on the surface of maternal hypothesized given that a high number of macrophages reside within the endometrium/placenta macrophages
Summary
PPV (Porcine Parvovirus (Ungulate parvovirus 1 in the Protoparvirus genus) was first recognized as a member of the Parvoviridae family and causative agent of SMEDI syndrome (stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility) at the end of the 1960s [1,2,3]. SMEDI had been described a few years earlier [4], the causative agent of the disease was first erroneously identified as a picornavirus. PPV has remained a constant worldwide problem of the pig industry, still being one of the most common and important infectious agents of infertility. We concentrate on the results of the last 15 years and try to give an overview of the research that has supplied relevant information about the biology and containment of the virus
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