Abstract
The seasonal life history of P. vittata consists of 2 generations/year. Parent females are necessary for successful egg and nymphal maturation. Parent females use the ovipositor to make a series of slits in the bark of the host plant below the egg mass. First instars aggregate around these bark slits with the female below them. Parent females actively maintain nymphs in aggregates and provided protection. Parental care by female P. vittata and Umbonia crassicornis are similar which establishes presocial behavior in one tribe (Playcotini) of Membracidae.
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