Biology and management of North American cone-feedingDioryctriaspecies

Abstract

AbstractConeworms,DioryctriaZeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), are destructive pests of conifers across North America, and members of several different species groups present significant pest-management challenges in conifer seed orchards.Dioryctria abietivorellaGrote (abietellagroup) is the most pestiferousDioryctriaspecies in Canada. Despite this status, control tactics are currently limited to broad-spectrum pesticides that threaten non-target species and may result in pesticide resistance. The development of integrated pest management programs targetingDioryctriaspecies will benefit from a conceptual framework on which to base future research. To create this structure, we review the systematics, evolutionary ecology, and management of cone-feeding North AmericanDioryctriaspecies. Current research suggests that many species boundaries are in need of further revision. Major gaps in our understanding ofDioryctriaecology impede the development of integrated pest management tactics. For example, host-generated semiochemicals are important inDioryctriareproduction, although the uses of these cues in host-finding and host acceptance remain unknown. Future research should identify factors that mediate population distribution at landscape (e.g., migration), local (e.g., feeding stimulants), and temporal (e.g., development thresholds) scales.