Abstract
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a blood concentrate derived from venous blood that is processed without anticoagulants by a one-step centrifugation process. This three-dimensional scaffold contains inflammatory cells and plasma proteins entrapped in a fibrin matrix. Liquid-PRF was developed based on the previously described low-speed centrifuge concept (LSCC), which allowed the introduction of a liquid-PRF formulation of fibrinogen and thrombin prior to its conversion to fibrin. Liquid-PRF was introduced to meet the clinical demand for combination with biomaterials in a clinically applicable and easy-to-use way. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, ex vivo, the interaction of the liquid-PRF constituents with five different collagen biomaterials by histological analyses. The results first demonstrated that large variability existed between the biomaterials investigated. Liquid-PRF was able to completely invade Mucograft® (MG; Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and to partly invade Bio-Gide® (BG; Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and Mucoderm® (MD; Botiss Biomaterials, Berlin, Germany), and Collprotect® (CP; Botiss Biomaterials, Berlin, Germany) showed only a superficial interaction. The BEGO® collagen membrane (BCM; BEGO Implant Systems) appeared to be completely free of liquid-PRF. These results were confirmed by the different cellular penetration and liquid-PRF absorption coefficient (PAC) values of the evaluated membranes. The present study demonstrates a system for loading biomaterials with a complex autologous cell system (liquid-PRF) in a relatively short period of time and in a clinically relevant manner. The combination of biomaterials with liquid-PRF may be clinically utilized to enhance the bioactivity of collagen-based biomaterials and may act as a biomaterial-based growth factor delivery system.
Highlights
The function of biomaterials in regenerative medicine is to support soft and hard tissue regeneration through material-induced tissue reactions
The results revealed the structural details of the biomaterials before combination with Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) to evaluate differences in the physical structures ex vivo
Collagen fibers of different diameters were observed in a defined arrangement, which made the surface of the spongy layer (SL) rough (Figure 1A2)
Summary
The function of biomaterials in regenerative medicine is to support soft and hard tissue regeneration through material-induced tissue reactions. When looking for the “ideal” biomaterial, several requirements must be considered, including tissue compatibility, physiochemical stability, the rates. Materials 2019, 12, 3993 of vascularization and degradation, and the biomaterial-specific immune response [1]. Various collagen-based biomaterials were introduced for use in guided bone and tissue regeneration (GBR/GTR). These materials are mostly resorbable, naturally derived collagenous biomaterials mainly with xenogeneic origins. Previous in vivo experiments evaluated the cellular reaction towards collagen-based biomaterials after subcutaneous implantation [2]. Different types of tissue reactions were observed, including the induction of mononuclear cells (MNCs), such as monocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts, or signs of a foreign body reaction, which is characterized by the formation of additional multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) [2,3]
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