BiologicalFlora of theBritishIsles:Fagus sylvatica

Abstract

SummaryThis account presents information on all aspects of the biology ofFagus sylvaticaL. that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of theBiologicalFlora of theBritishIsles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation.Fagus sylvatica(Beech) is a large usually single‐stemmed deciduous tree native to south‐eastEngland but now growing over almost the whole of theBritish Isles, often planted as a forestry tree on all but the wettest soils. It forms extensive woodlands, where it is dominant over a large altitudinal range, competing primarily withQuercus robur. The outcome of this competition is determined by local soil and climatic conditions leading to a gradation into oak woodlands. It is monoecious, wind‐pollinated and notable for its periodic large seed numbers (mast years); seed is dispersed by birds and mammals but mostly drops below the parent tree.Fagus sylvaticais hardy, very shade tolerant, casts a deep shade and is fairly resistant to browsing but susceptible to spring frosts.Due to its shallow rooting and intensive rather than extensive mode of soil water exploitation, it is also susceptible to drought, and this is likely to be the main factor controlling its expected response to climate change.Fagus sylvaticais facing few conservation problems, and indeed, its range is currently expanding into central Europe. However, in the face of climate change, its range is likely to contract from its extremes in all but the north, andPhytophthoradiseases may become more serious.