Abstract
“Produced water” is the single largest volume of waste generated by the oil and gas industry. These waters are generated during crude oil and natural gas production, at both onshore and offshore operations. The amount of produced water generated is dependent upon the method of recovery and the nature of formation. In some formations, large volumes of water are pumped to the surface with the oil and gas in the early stages of production; in others, water is not produced until the formation has been significantly depleted; and in some, water is never generated.
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