Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium spp., the filamentous fungi. Food and feed contamination with zearalenone has adverse effects on health and economy. ZEA degradation through microorganisms is providing a promising preventive measure. The current study includes isolation of 47 bacterial strains from 100 different food and rumen samples. Seventeen isolates showed maximum activity of ZEA reduction. A bacterial isolate, RS-5, reduced ZEA concentration up to 78.3% through ELISA analysis and 74.3% as determined through HPLC. Ten of the most efficient strains were further selected for comparison of their biodegradation activity in different conditions such as incubation period, and different growth media. The samples were analyzed after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of incubation. De Man Rogosa Sharp (MRS) broth, Tryptic soy broth, and nutrient broth were used as different carbon sources for comparison of activity through ELISA. The mean degradation % ± SD through ELISA and HPLC were 70.77% ± 3.935 and 69.11% ± 2.768, respectively. Optimum reducing activity was detected at 72 h of incubation, and MRS broth is a suitable medium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences confirmed that one of the bacterial isolate RS-5 bacterial isolates with higher mycotoxin degradation is identified as Bacillus subtilis isolated from rumen sample. B05 (FSL-8) bacterial isolate of yogurt belongs to the genus Lactobacillus with 99.66% similarity with Lactobacillus delbrukii. Similarly, three other bacterial isolates, D05, H05 and F04 (FS-17, FSL-2 and FS-20), were found to be the sub-species/strains Pseudomonas gessardii of genus Pseudomonas based on their similarity level of (99.2%, 96% and 96.88%) and positioning in the phylogenetic tree. Promising detoxification results were revealed through GC-MS analysis of RS-5 and FSL-8 activity.
Highlights
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non-steroidal estrogen synthesized biologically by Fusarium spp., including F. cerealis, F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. semitectum and F. equiseti through a polyketide pathway
Most of the isolated bacterial colonies were small, circular shape with shiny whitish cream or brownish colored with convex evaluation
Detection of Zearalenone through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) The maximum biodegradation activity was exhibited by bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis RS-5 (78.3%), Lactobacillus delbrueckii FSL-8 (78%) activity while Pseudom6 oofn1a5s gessardii (FSL-2) showed (72.8%) biodegradation activity after 72 h of incubation in Man Rogosa Sharp (MRS) broth (Figure 2, 3, 4 and 5)
Summary
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non-steroidal estrogen synthesized biologically by Fusarium spp., including F. cerealis, F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. semitectum and F. equiseti through a polyketide pathway. ZEA has many adverse effects on the living body. The use of chemical fungicides is used as main solution to control the growth and survival of fungi in crops, but this method has a negative effect on the environment and causes pollution. After their application, they have several negative implications, e.g., observed and induced resistance to introduced chemical substances that reduce growth of pathogen [16]. Lei et al [24] have isolated a bacterial strain of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G from broiler intestinal chyme that showed ability to remove 88.65% of ZEA. The main objective of the current research work was to isolate and explore bacterial strains from different food and rumen samples that have the ability to neutralize ZEA into non-hazardous compounds
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