Biological specifics of exogenous development of Oxyuris equi nematodes (Nematoda, Oxyuridae)

M S Kone,O V Kruchynenko,S M Mykhailiutenko,V O Yevstafieva,Y О Prykhodko

doi:10.15421/012017

Abstract

Helminths of the species Oxyuris equi Schrank, 1788 are pathogens of domestic and wild odd-toed ungulates. They parasitize in the large intestine of horses, causing colitis and dermatitis at the tail root area. The wide distribution and overall persistence of this species is significally promoted by the specifics of its development and reproduction. Here we studied the specifics of the exogenous development of O. equi nematodes parasitizing Equidae in respect to the factor of temperature and the morphometric changes in oxyuris eggs at different stages of embryogenesis. In laboratory culture of O. equi eggs obtained from female gonads, the embryogenesis occurs in four stages: morula, formation of bean-like embryo, formation of non-invasive larva and formation of infectious larva. The stages of development differ by the morphological parameters. It is established that the development of O. equi eggs is directly related to temperature. The optimal temperature for embryogenesis is 25 °С, at which the highest survival rate of infectious eggs, 81.3%, was observed. At 20 °С and 15 °С the survival of eggs decreased during culturing and the ratios of infectious eggs were 75.7% and 67.3%, respectively. Accordingly, 24.3% and 32.7% of eggs died during development. The temperature also affects the duration of development of O. equi eggs. At 25 °С, the development of Oxyuris eggs was the fastest and occurred in two days. With temperature falling to 20 and 15 °С, the duration of egg development slowed to three and five days, respectively. The process of embryogenesis in Oxyuris is associated with changes in metrical parameters. The length, width and area of egg surface increased. Length and width of egg plug, and shell width of mature Oxyuris eggs decreased. The obtained data on the duration and specifics of exogenous development of parasitic O. equi nematodes will allow effective control measures for horse oxyurosis to be developed.

Highlights

850 species of nematodes of the order Oxyurida (Weinland, 1858) parasitize the intestine of arthropods and vertebrates, including humans (Adamson, 1994; Ariyarathenam et al, 2010; Kim et al, 2013; Carreno et al, 2014)
These stages were characterized by specific, distinct morphological parameters. 100.0% of eggs obtained from female gonads were at the stage of morula
The formation of an infectious egg was accompanied by slight growth and stronger curve of the larva (Fig. 1d)

Summary

Introduction

850 species of nematodes of the order Oxyurida (Weinland, 1858) parasitize the intestine of arthropods and vertebrates, including humans (Adamson, 1994; Ariyarathenam et al, 2010; Kim et al, 2013; Carreno et al, 2014). The most common endoparasitic oxyuroses of domestic animals are caused by nematodes of the genera Passalurus Dujardin, 1845 (parasites of rabbits), Skrjabinema Verestchagin, 1926 (sheep), Heterakis Dujardin, 1845 (terrestrial birds and waterfowl), and Oxyuris Rudolphi, 1803 (Shahlapoor, 1965; Georgieva et al, 2005; Zhang et al, 2015; Yevstafyeva et al, 2018; Mykhailiutenko et al, 2019) The latter genus includes Охуuris equi Schrank, 1781, a specific parasite of horses (Equidae). Prevalence of oxyurosis rates is 1.1–2.3% in horses of Ethiopia (Sheferaw & Alemu, 2015; Belay et al, 2016), 7.0% in Australia (Bucknell et al, 1995), 2.8–4.3% in Columbia (Ramírez-Hernández et al, 2019), 22.6% in Iran (Tavassoli et al, 2010), up to 38.7% in Poland (Slivinska et al, 2016) The parasite has such a wide range due to its biological specifics which depend on the factors of temperature, air and soil humidity, precipitation levels, vegetation cover, etc. According to that point of view, the parasites are the most adapted life forms of all (McSorley, 2003; Blaxter & Koutsovoulos, 2015)

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