Abstract

We performed biological safety evaluation tests of three Ti–Zr alloys under accelerated extraction condition. We also conducted histopathological analysis of long-term implantation of pure V, Al, Ni, Zr, Nb, and Ta metals as well as Ni–Ti and high-V-containing Ti–15V–3Al–3Sn alloys in rats. The effect of the dental implant (screw) shape on morphometrical parameters was investigated using rabbits. Moreover, we examined the maximum pullout properties of grit-blasted Ti–Zr alloys after their implantation in rabbits. The biological safety evaluation tests of three Ti–Zr alloys (Ti–15Zr–4Nb, Ti–15Zr–4Nb–1Ta, and Ti–15Zr–4Nb–4Ta) showed no adverse (negative) effects of either normal or accelerated extraction. No bone was formed around the pure V and Ni implants. The Al, Zr, Nb, and Ni–Ti implants were surrounded by new bone. The new bone formed around Ti–Ni and high-V-containing Ti alloys tended to be thinner than that formed around Ti–Zr and Ti–6Al–4V alloys. The rate of bone formation on the threaded portion in the Ti–15Zr–4Nb–4Ta dental implant was the same as that on a smooth surface. The maximum pullout loads of the grit- and shot-blasted Ti–Zr alloys increased linearly with implantation period in rabbits. The pullout load of grit-blasted Ti–Zr alloy rods was higher than that of shot-blasted ones. The surface roughness (Ra) and area ratio of residual Al2O3 particles of the Ti–15Zr–4Nb alloy surface grit-blasted with Al2O3 particles were the same as those of the grit-blasted Alloclassic stem surface. It was clarified that the grit-blasted Ti–15Zr–4Nb alloy could be used for artificial hip joint stems.

Highlights

  • The biocompatibility of various metals and alloys has been examined by Steinemann [1]

  • The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10993 series standardizes the biological safety evaluation required for application for approval to market medical devices

  • We focused on biological safety evaluation by the accelerated extraction of Ti–Zr alloys in accordance with the ISO 10993 series

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Summary

Introduction

The biocompatibility of various metals and alloys has been examined by Steinemann [1]. Many types of Ti alloy containing noncytotoxic elements such as zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), and molybdenum (Mo) have been developed for various medical applications [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Ti–15Zr–4Nb–(0 to 4) Ta alloy, which is an alpha (α)–beta (β)-type alloy, has been developed in Japan as a highly biocompatible alloy [17], and it is standardized in JIS T 7401-4 [18]. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10993 series standardizes the biological safety evaluation required for application for approval to market medical devices

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