Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are the main components of ambient particulate materials, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-PAHs, heavy metals, and gaseous materials. Many epidemiological, clinical, and toxicological studies have shown that ambient particles, including DEPs, are associated with respiratory disorders, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and lung cancer. However, the relationship between the biological response to DEPs and their chemical composition remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the physicochemical properties of DEPs before toxicological studies, and then administered a single intratracheal instillation of DEPs to mice. The mice were then killed 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after DEP exposure to observe the biological responses induced by DEPs over time. Our findings suggest that DEPs engulfed into cells induced a Th2-type inflammatory response followed by DNA damage, whereas DEPs not engulfed into cells induced a Th1-type inflammatory response. Further, the physicochemical properties, including surface charge, particle size, and chemical composition, of DEPs play a crucial role in determining the biological responses to DEPs. Consequently, we suggest that the biological response to DEPs depend on cell-particle interaction and the physicochemical properties of the particles.
Highlights
Ambient particles are known as both initiators and enhancers of the clinical manifestations of both allergic and non-allergic airway disease in industrialized countries, and diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are one of main components of ambient particles
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid composition The total number of cells in the BAL fluid was significantly greater in the DEP-treated mice than in the controls: the value in the control group was (0.0560.00)6105 cells, while that in the DEPtreated mice examined on days 1, 7, 14, and 28 after treatment were (0.6860.08), (0.3760.07), (0.1460.03), and (0.0860.01)6105 cells, respectively (Fig. 3A)
Considering the fact that hypersensitive disease and cancer involve different immune responses, we investigated the relationship between the physicochemical properties of DEPs and the biological responses induced by DEP exposure
Summary
Ambient particles are known as both initiators and enhancers of the clinical manifestations of both allergic and non-allergic airway disease in industrialized countries, and diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are one of main components of ambient particles. DEP exposure can induce acute irritation of the eyes and throat, lightheadedness, and nausea. They have been associated with the worsening of respiratory symptoms, such as cough, phlegm, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Epidemiologic studies suggested a strong link between DEP exposure and detrimental health concerns, including cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality [1,2,3]. ROS generated by DEP exposure can lead to oxidative stress, which in turn triggers a variety of cellular consequences, such as DNA damage, apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and antioxidant defense activation/depletion [4,5,6,7,8]
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