Abstract
Porous ceramic scaffolds are widely studied in the tissue engineering field due to their potential in medical applications as bone substitutes or as bone-filling materials. Solid free form (SFF) fabrication methods allow fabrication of ceramic scaffolds with fully controlled pore architecture, which opens new perspectives in bone tissue regeneration materials. However, little experimentation has been performed about real biological properties and possible applications of SFF designed 3D ceramic scaffolds. Thus, here the biological properties of a specific SFF scaffold are evaluated first, both in vitro and in vivo, and later scaffolds are also implanted in pig maxillary defect, which is a model for a possible application in maxillofacial surgery. In vitro results show good biocompatibility of the scaffolds, promoting cell ingrowth. In vivo results indicate that material on its own conducts surrounding tissue and allow cell ingrowth, thanks to the designed pore size. Additional osteoinductive properties were obtained with BMP-2, which was loaded on scaffolds, and optimal bone formation was observed in pig implantation model. Collectively, data show that SFF scaffolds have real application possibilities for bone tissue engineering purposes, with the main advantage of being fully customizable 3D structures.
Highlights
Porous bioceramics are widely used in medical applications as bone substitutes or as bone-filling materials [1,2,3,4]
Structural data are summarized on figure 1 and macrostructure is shown in Figure 1, imaged by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mCT
We selected and tested two delivery methods which have been previously reported, both in vitro and in vivo, with BMP-2 and other scaffolds: 1- surface adsorption [32,50], which is later in vivo assayed in models 3.1 and 3.2, and 2- entrapping in a coating material (Chitosan) [40,41,42] which is later shown in in vivo model 3.3. These methods were selected because there are several paper focused on BMP2 adsorption on ceramic scaffolds and subsequent delivery and because we previously reported BMP-2 delivery from chitosan coating [42]
Summary
Porous bioceramics are widely used in medical applications as bone substitutes or as bone-filling materials [1,2,3,4] These porous scaffolds are used to provide structural support and to serve as a template for cell colonization and extracellular matrix formation [5]. Both degradable and non-degradable ceramics are used to fabricate scaffolds and multiple methods have been used to create the porous structure [6,7,8]. - constitute an excellent alternative to produce well-defined 3D structures [9,10,11,12,13] These SFF technologies involve building 3-D objects from a computer-aided design (CAD) model using layered manufacturing strategies. An additional advantage of SFF scaffolds is that potentially they could be designed for specific bone defects, for example, taking as model an x-ray tomography image
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