Abstract
Unexpected changes in experimental conditions are shown to cause similar responses and effects of nootropic drugs in higher and lower vertebrates and higher invertebrates. The basis of this universal reaction is the nonspecific activation of protective abilities of the body in response to unexpected environmental changes, which is evolutionally related with a threat to the physical integrity of the body, and the nonspecific effects of neurotropic substances.
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
