Abstract
Man, in a desperate bid to manage malaria-vectors, i.e., Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) has relentlessly relied on pyrethroid insecticides especially permethrin. Unfortunately, these mosquitoes have improved their survival with respect to this tactic which must have been associated with some fitness-costs. This study, therefore, evaluates the biological fitness-costs associated with permethrin-resistance development in An. gambiae s.l. in Kwara State, Nigeria. Susceptibility statuses of adult female An. gambiae s.l. populations collected from Oke-odo, Pipeline and Airport were established using World Health Organization Protocol. They were subsequently raised over three-generations and the fecundity, hatchability, development time for larvae, pupae and adult, adult emergence, the adult sex ratio was observed, noted, monitored and analysed using ANOVA (P
Highlights
Insects remain the most challenging human competitor for his valuable resources and man has relentlessly attempted to abate their actions by unguarded use of insecticides
The time taken for 50% of An. gambiae s.l. adult mosquitoes to be totally knocked down was 74.54 mins (61.07 to 90.99), 87.01 mins (64.48 to 117.4) and 97.50 mins (70.32 to 135.2), respectively for Permethrin in Oke-odo, Pipeline and Airport populations, respectively (Table 1)
The knowledge accrued from this study will go a long way to help mosquito managers to see that full and moderate permethrin resistance has a significant effect on the fecundity of An. gambiae s.l. a major vector of malaria, changing the negative narrative around resistance development in Africa
Summary
Insects remain the most challenging human competitor for his valuable resources and man has relentlessly attempted to abate their actions by unguarded use of insecticides. Insects’ competitive status keeps improving, despite the upscale use of insecticides, as a result of the development of salient but effective insecticide resistance survival strategies, wherein resistant alleles that confer generational protection are developed (Sanil & Shetty, 2012; Brown et al, 2013). This milestone development by insects must have been achieved alongside some physiological fitness cost. I.e., capacity of a population to survive and reproduce, despite the presence of an inimical situation, other species could not stand (Tabbabi & Ben Cheikh, 2017), entails the deployment of a substantial part of available energy resource to coping with the identified challenge. Fitness is expected to be associated with some costs or weaknesses, that0 may present in
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