Abstract
(1) Background: The dysbiosis of some cutaneous commensal microorganisms is the trigger factor for the activation of the inflammatory cascade by keratinocytes in many skin disorders. Mesotherapy is an innovative technique for many scalp disorders, with the function of restoring the physiology of the skin. (2) Methods: the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory activity of the non-cross-linked HA formulation (Hydro Deluxe, Matex Lab S.p.a., Brindisi, Italy) was investigated against the most common microorganisms of the scalp (Staphyloccoccus epidermis, Staphyloccoccus aureus, Cutibacterium acnes and Malassezia furfur). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on an internal 3D model of Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) inserts infected with the strains as pro-inflammatory stimulus. (3) Results and Conclusions: the data collected showed a good antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against all selected strains. The HA-based formulation did not show cytotoxicity on RHE, either alone or in presence of the infectious stimulus. The analysis of the expression of Interleukin (IL)-8 levels showed an excellent ability to reduce this pro-inflammatory marker. Overall, the efficacy assessment of the formulation supported its potential effectiveness in mesotherapy for the treatment of scalp disorders.
Highlights
Epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that make up the skin
Results are shown as culture growth (OD595nm ) of the selected bacteria and yeast compared with the control (Ctrl, medium inoculated with 106 CFU/mL of the strains) after 24 h of incubation with 8 serial dilutions of the formulation
Hyperkeratosis, pruritus, alopecia and inflammatory signs are common symptoms of scalp disorders often related to a greater susceptibility of the scalp to bacterial or mycotic infections [28]
Summary
Epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that make up the skin. Its main function is as a barrier against external injury and environmental pathogen infection. Stratum corneum is the uppermost layer, rich in keratin and horny scales made up of dead keratinocytes known as anucleate squamous cells It performs protective and adaptive physiological functions, including mechanical shear, water flux and hydration regulation, microbial proliferation and invasion regulation (secreting defensins), and initiation of inflammation through cytokine activation and dendritic cell activity [2]. Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type of epidermis and they originate in the basal layer, providing the structural and physical integrity of the skin and protecting the body against foreign antigens and microorganisms. They play an active role in the generation and expression of protective immune responses and immunopathological reactions. The constitutive production of immune and inflammatory mediators by unperturbed keratinocytes is very contained, but can be enhanced by various trigger factors such as ultraviolet radiation, irritants, microorganisms, microbial products, tumor promoters, and trauma/wound repair [3]
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