Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of argon plasma treatment under atmospheric pressure at room temperature on the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects of the graphene oxide layer on titanium. Plasma treatment of the graphene oxide coating on a nonthermal atmospheric-pressure plasma device was performed. Raman spectrum analysis confirmed that graphene oxide was successfully coated on the surface and AFM analysis confirmed that this coating affected the surface roughness. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Alizarin Red S staining for cell differentiation, and Raman and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses were performed for the deposited surface. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed to confirm the biocompatibility of the plasma-treated and bare titanium specimens. The biofilm formation test usingStreptococcus mutans(S. mutans) was performed to examine potential antimicrobial effects. XPS analysis showed that with increasing plasma coating time, the carbon content of the surface decreased while that of oxygen increased. Alizarin Red S staining showed that the cell differentiation was promoted by the deposition of the graphene oxide. The graphene oxide on Ti significantly affected an osteoblast cell differentiation for bone growth, and no significant differences in antimicrobial effects were observed.
Highlights
IntroductionTitanium is widely used especially in dental implants [1]. The biocompatible nature of titanium shows a very high success rate when used as a dental implant in the oral cavity [2]
In dentistry, titanium is widely used especially in dental implants [1]
The surface characteristics of the deposited plasma-based graphene film were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Summary
Titanium is widely used especially in dental implants [1]. The biocompatible nature of titanium shows a very high success rate when used as a dental implant in the oral cavity [2]. Many scientists are working on various attempts to produce effects beyond the nature of titanium [3]. One such attempt is the improvement of titanium surface properties to increase the bonding strength to the bone. In this study, we produced graphene using nonthermal atmospheric-pressure plasma, which was coated on titanium and experimented variously. We attempted to confirm the feasibility of titanium coating using plasma and analyze the various cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects. The null hypothesis of this experiment is that plasma-based graphene does not affect the cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of titanium
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