Abstract
Direct health effects could result following exposure to RF by thermal (heating effects). Recent Studies have shown that there are public fears on effects that can be caused mainly by holding mobile phones close to the body, or as a result of possible non-thermal effects from both phones and base stations. This paper offers an overview on the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation caused by mobile phones. Exposures of individuals to RF radiation from these sources will depend upon their proximity and may be above those from mobile phone base stations, although still well below guidelines. From a review of the scientific literature, it is concluded that there were no established health effects from exposure to the RF fields from mobile phones. However, there are gaps in knowledge requiring further research, but current knowledge suggests that RF exposure to levels below the guidelines were not a risk to health.
Highlights
Mobile phones and base stations both emit radio frequency (RF) radiation
IEEE standard (1992) for safety levels with respect to Human Exposure to radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields emphasize the importance of the particle nature of electromagnetic energy because the energy per particle is a major determinant of what biological effects a particular frequency of electromagnetic energy will have
In terms of potential biological effects, the electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into four portions with three of these portions being of Non–Ionizing part of spectrum as follows: 1. The non-ionizing portion of the spectrum, which can be subdivided into: a.The optical radiation portion, where electron excitation can occur
Summary
Mobile phones and base stations both emit radio frequency (RF) radiation. In both cases levels of exposure generally reduce with increasing distance from the source. Biological effects that result from heating of tissue by RF energy are often referred to as "thermal" effects It has been known for many years that exposure to high levels of RF radiation can be harmful due to the ability of RF. Exposure to RF energy at power density levels of 1-10 mW/cm and above can result in measurable heating of biological tissue (but not necessarily tissue damage). The extent of this heating would depend on several factors including radiation frequency; size, shape, and orientation of the exposed object; duration of exposure; environmental conditions; and efficiency of heat dissipation. A number of references are listed at the end of this document that provide further information and details concerning this topic and some recent research reports that have been published
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