Abstract
Since 2003, non-compliant aflatoxin concentrations have been detected in maize produced in Italy. The most successful worldwide experiments in aflatoxin prevention resulted from distribution of atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus to displace aflatoxin-producers during crop development. The displacement results in lower aflatoxin concentrations in harvested grain. The current study evaluated in field performances of two atoxigenic strains of A. flavus endemic to Italy in artificially inoculated maize ears and in naturally contaminated maize. Co-inoculation of atoxigenic strains with aflatoxin producers resulted in highly significant reductions in aflatoxin concentrations (>90%) in both years only with atoxigenic strain A2085. The average percent reduction in aflatoxin B1 concentration in naturally contaminated maize fields was 92.3%, without significant differences in fumonisins between treated and control maize. The vegetative compatibility group of A2085 was the most frequently recovered A. flavus in both treated and control plots (average 61.9% and 53.5% of the A. flavus, respectively). A2085 was therefore selected as an active ingredient for biocontrol products and deposited under provisions of the Budapest Treaty in the Belgian Co-Ordinated Collections of Micro-Organisms (BCCM/MUCL) collection (accession MUCL54911). Further work on development of A2085 as a tool for preventing aflatoxin contamination in maize produced in Italy is ongoing with the commercial product named AF-X1™.
Highlights
Aflatoxins, in particular aflatoxin B1, are among the most toxic natural compounds with demonstrated carcinogenic effect on humans [1]
Co-inoculation of atoxigenic strain A2085 with A2092 resulted in highly significant reductions in aflatoxin concentrations of greater than 90% in both years
Biocontrol products directed at preventing aflatoxin contamination with atoxigenic genotypes of
Summary
Aflatoxins, in particular aflatoxin B1 , are among the most toxic natural compounds with demonstrated carcinogenic effect on humans [1]. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several species of Aspergillus on important commodities including maize, cottonseed, peanuts, and pistachio nuts [2,3]. Toxins 2018, 10, 30 agent of aflatoxin contamination in maize worldwide, and the primary etiologic agent on maize in. Maize production in Italy is mainly located in five districts (90% of national production; [5]). Placed in the north of the peninsula where weather conditions are commonly unfavorable for aflatoxin contamination. Poor rainfall and increased temperature, as occurred during the 2003 maize season, may lead to aflatoxin contamination above legal limits for humans and dairy animals [6].
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