BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TOMATO PHYTOPATHOGENS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO AGRICULTURAL DEFENSIVES AND ANTIBIOTICS

Paulo Alex Neves da Silva,José Daniel Gonçalves Vieira,Abadia Dos Reis Nascimento,Rodolfo Sodré Tavares,Lilian Carla Carneiro,Ludmila Batista Machado

doi:10.12957/ric.2021.57083

Abstract

The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most cultivated vegetable in the world. China represents about 25 % of all world production, so there is a dependence and constant use of agricultural defensives in tomato crops. The application of chemical products banned in many parts of the world has as a side effect a major impact on human health and the ecosystem, therefore necessary to adopt other disease prevention strategies. Another method of combating tomato diseases is the use of microorganisms as a form of biological control, which is considered an alternative to agricultural defensives and antibiotics offering better sustainability and less toxicity. In this work, the agricultural defensives most used by producers were, Pyraclostrobin, Mancozebe, Copper oxychloride, and derivatives of DDT. For the antibiotics, Streptomycin and Oxytetracycline were the most used, whereas Bacillus spp. and Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) was the microorganisms most cited as a form of biological control. Lastly the main phytopathogens of tomato were Xanthomonas spp., Clavibac t er michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Ralstonia solanacearum . The objectives of this work were to identify the main types of agricultural defensives, antibiotics, and genera of microorganisms used to control tomato diseases and to compare their impact on human health and the environment.

Highlights

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most cultivated vegetable in the world (CASTRO; BRANDÃO; MACEDO, 2008)
According to data released by EMBRAPA, agricultural defensives are classified by the ANVISA according to their degree of toxicity based on their acute effects
These products are classified based on the lethal dose 50 (LD50), which has as a parameter the dose necessary to kill 50% of the population of animals used in the experiments, in a period of approximately 2 weeks (BONVOISIN et al, 2020)

Summary

Introduction

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most cultivated vegetable in the world (CASTRO; BRANDÃO; MACEDO, 2008). The main tomato-producing countries in the world in terms of production and exportation are China, India, United States of America (USA), Turkey, Egypt, Italy, Spain, and Brazil. China represents about 48 % of all production when compared to the main producing countries, producing around 61.6 million megagrams in 2018 (Figure 1), (FAOSTAT, 2020). The commercialization of tomato has a strong impact on the economy of several countries, but the susceptibility of some tomato cultivars, the environmental factors and agricultural practices that favor the occurrence of some diseases, making the tomato the target of several types of phytopathogens. Due to the low resistance of the tomato, there is a dependence and the constant use of agricultural defensive in tomato crops (ZAVATTI; ABAKERLI, 1999; ENGINDENIZ, 2006)

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