Abstract
Simple SummaryBiological control has been the most commonly researched control tactic within fruit fly management programs, and parasitoids have been the main natural enemies used against pestiferous fruit fly species. In view of this fact, it is important to highlight and compile the data on parasitoids with a certain frequency, aiming to facilitate the knowledge of all the researchers. Information regarding the activities of parasitoids and predators on pestiferous fruit flies in the Americas is limited; therefore, this study aimed to compile the diversity of parasitoids and predators associated with tephritid fruit flies, as well as providing the scientific evidence about the use of parasitoids and predators as biological control agents for fruit flies im the Americas and Hawaii.Biological control has been the most commonly researched control tactic within fruit fly management programs. For the first time, a review is carried out covering parasitoids and predators of fruit flies (Tephritidae) from the Americas and Hawaii, presenting the main biological control programs in this region. In this work, 31 species of fruit flies of economic importance are considered in the genera Anastrepha (11), Rhagoletis (14), Bactrocera (4), Ceratitis (1), and Zeugodacus (1). In this study, a total of 79 parasitoid species of fruit flies of economic importance are listed and, from these, 50 are native and 29 are introduced. A total of 56 species of fruit fly predators occur in the Americas and Hawaii.
Highlights
In the Americas, there are four genera of tephritid fruit flies, which include species of economic and quarantine importance
29 species of fruit flies of economic importance are considered. They belong to the genera Anastrepha (12), Rhagoletis (10), Bactrocera (5), Ceratitis (1), and Zeugodacus (1), and are the following: A. curvicauda (Gerstaecker), A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wied.), A. grandis (Macquart), A. ludens Loew, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pseudoparallela Loew, A. pickeli Lima, A. serpentina (Wied), A. sororcula Zucchi, A. striata Schiner, A. suspensa (Loew), B. carambolae
Several introduced parasitoid species have been lab-reared, but until now they have not been released in the field, such as Bracon celer Szépligeti, Fopius caudatus (Szépligeti), Fopius ceratitivorus Wharton, Psyttalia ponerophaga (Silvestri), and Utetes africanus (Szépligeti), while other parasitoid species were released but did not establish, such as Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti), Psyttalia cyclogaster (Thomson) (Watanabe) [69], Psyttalia humilis Silvestri, Psyttalia perproxima (Silvestri), and Aganaspis daci (Weld) (Table 6)
Summary
In the Americas, there are four genera of tephritid fruit flies, which include species of economic and quarantine importance. Biological control has been the most commonly researched control tactic within fruit fly management programs, and parasitoids have been the main natural enemies used against pestiferous fruit fly species [8,13] In view of this fact, it is important to highlight and compile the data on parasitoids with a certain frequency, aiming to facilitate the knowledge to facilitate research in this field. 29 species of fruit flies of economic importance are considered They belong to the genera Anastrepha (12), Rhagoletis (10), Bactrocera (5), Ceratitis (1), and Zeugodacus (1), and are the following: A. curvicauda (Gerstaecker), A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wied.), A. grandis (Macquart), A. ludens Loew, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pseudoparallela Loew, A. pickeli Lima, A. serpentina (Wied), A. sororcula Zucchi, A. striata Schiner, A. suspensa (Loew), B. carambolae. Americas is limited; this study aimed to compile a list of the diversity of parasitoid and predator species associated with tephritid fruit flies, as well as providing scientific evidence about the use of parasitoids and predators as biological control agents for fruit flies
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