Abstract
AbstractInvasive stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are responsible for high economic losses to agriculture on a global scale. The most important species, dating from recent to old invasions, include Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), Nezara viridula (L.), and Murgantia histrionica (Hahn). Bagrada hilaris, H. halys, and N. viridula are now almost globally distributed. Biological control of these pests faces a complex set of challenges that must be addressed to maintain pest populations below the economic injury level. Several case studies of classical and conservation biological control of invasive stink bugs are reported here. The most common parasitoids in their geographical area of origin are egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae, Encyrtidae, and Eupelmidae). Additionally, native parasitoids of adult stink bugs (Diptera: Tachinidae) have in some cases adapted to the novel hosts in the invaded area and native predators are known to prey on the various instars. Improving the efficacy of biocontrol agents is possible through conservation biological control techniques and exploitation of their chemical ecology. Moreover, integration of biological control with other techniques, such as behavioural manipulation of adult stink bugs and plant resistance, may be a sustainable pest control method within organic farming and integrated pest management programs. However, additional field studies are needed to verify the efficacy of these novel methods and transfer them from research to application.
Highlights
Invasive insect herbivores are responsible for an annual loss of at least 70 billion USD globally (Bradshaw et al., 2016), with the biggest agricultural producers, USA andChina, experiencing the highest costs and representing the main potential sources of invasive pests (Paini et al., 2016)
Case study 2: Biological control of Halyomorpha halys in North America nous parasitoids in North America tends to be lower than that from predation (Ogburn et al, 2016), accounting for less than 5% of parasitoid emergence from eggs in 87% of all surveys (Abram et al, 2017b)
Given that A. bifasciatus is the most prevalent native egg parasitoid of H. halys in field surveys (Haye et al, 2015a; Costi et al, 2018; Moraglio et al, 2020b) and that it is capable of developing in viable H. halys eggs (Roversi et al, 2016; Abram et al, 2017b), this species was selected as a candidate for augmentative releases
Summary
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