Abstract
Abstract: Fruit flies are the main pests of fruit growing in Brazil. They have been managed predominantly with the use of insecticides applied as cover spray and or/as toxic baits. Currently, the trend of management strategies is toward the adoption of methods that cause the lowest environmental impact in large areas. In this context, biological control is an excellent option to be used together with other management strategies, such as sterile insects, because it leaves no residues, does not disturb nontarget pests, and can be permanent if the natural enemy establishes itself in the field. This review paper addresses the current knowledge on the biological control of fruit flies in Brazil, highlighting the great biodiversity of its natural enemies, especially parasitoids, its biology and ecology. The classical biological control programs in Brazil are also reported, from the introduction of Tetrastichus giffardianus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), in 1937, to control Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), to that of Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in 2012, to control Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Finally, the obtained advances are pointed out, as well as the main bottlenecks and perspectives for the effective use of biological control programs against fruit flies.
Highlights
Biological control measures integrated with the sterile insect technique (SIT) have been widely used in countries with effective fruit fly suppression or eradication programs. Barclay (1987) built a model to estimate pest population control and found that SIT and parasitoids were more efficient when combined: the former is more feasible in low pest populations and the later find their hosts more in high pest populations, resulting in a broader pest suppression (Gurr & Kvedaras, 2010)
Due to its morphology, D. areolatus is one of most promising species to be used in large biological control programs against native fruit fly species such as A. fraterculus
To achieve the best control of fruit flies in Brazil, a national program within an integrated pest management (IPM) framework and an area-wide system is needed. It should focus on the three most critical regions of the country: Northeast, against Ceratitis capitata; South, against Anastrepha fraterculus, where the largest commercial fruit orchards are located; and North, to keep the Bactrocera carambolae population low, with phytosanitary barriers to avoid its escape to other states where fruit orchards are grown in a large scale
Summary
Abstract – Fruit flies are the main pests of fruit growing in Brazil. They have been managed predominantly with the use of insecticides applied as cover spray and/or as toxic baits. The trend of management strategies is toward the adoption of methods that cause the lowest environmental impact in large areas In this context, biological control is an excellent option to be used together with other management strategies, such as sterile insects, because it leaves no residues, does not disturb nontarget pests, and can be permanent if the natural enemy establishes itself in the field. Também são relatados os programas de controle biológico clássico no Brasil, desde a introdução de Tetrastichus giffardianus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), em 1937, para o controle de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), até a de Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), em 2012, para o controle de Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae).
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