Abstract
Bioactive compounds can provide health benefits beyond the nutritional value and are originally present or added to food matrices. However, because they are part of the food matrices, most bioactive compounds remain in agroindustrial by-products. Agro-industrial by-products are generated in large quantities throughout the food production chain and can—when not properly treated—affect the environment, the profit, and the proper and nutritional distribution of food to people. Thus, it is important to adopt processes that increase the use of these agroindustrial by-products, including biological approaches, which can enhance the extraction and obtention of bioactive compounds, which enables their application in food and pharmaceutical industries. Biological processes have several advantages compared to nonbiological processes, including the provision of extracts with high quality and bioactivity, as well as extracts that present low toxicity and environmental impact. Among biological approaches, extraction from enzymes and fermentation stand out as tools for obtaining bioactive compounds from various agro-industrial wastes. In this sense, this article provides an overview of the main bioactive components found in agroindustrial by-products and the biological strategies for their extraction. We also provide information to enhance the use of these bioactive compounds, especially for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Highlights
The world produces large amounts of agroindustrial raw materials, mainly used for human and animal consumption and energy production (FAO, 2017; Sadh et al, 2018a)
We provide information to enhance the use of these bioactive compounds, especially for the food and pharmaceutical industries
The enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) method can be employed in pretreatments of raw materials, improving extraction time, solvent use, and the quality and purity of a product while lowering production costs compared with classical extraction processes
Summary
The world produces large amounts of agroindustrial raw materials, mainly used for human and animal consumption and energy production (FAO, 2017; Sadh et al, 2018a). The proper use of agro-industrial matrices requires the production/extraction of bioactive compounds through ecofriendly strategies instead of conventional processes, followed by optimizing process conditions (Lemes et al, 2016a; Heemann et al, 2019) In this context, biological processes stand out, as they can enhance the production, extraction, and application of components from agroindustrial matrices in a more attractive way (Jegatheesan et al, 2020). One consists of (1) extraction using enzymes that release compounds from the matrix under optimized conditions, making the process efficient (Marathe et al, 2019), and another is the (2) fermentation using different microorganisms that transform waste into products of interest, such as ethanol, proteins, peptides, enzymes, and pigments (Sadh et al, 2018b; Martínez-Espinosa, 2020) In this sense, this article provides an overview of the main bioactive components found in agro-industrial by-products and the biological strategies for their extraction. Due to the complex chemical composition, animal and vegetable residues can be used as a low-cost raw material to obtain bioactive compounds using suitable processes (Lemes et al, 2016a; Prado et al, 2020)
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