Abstract
Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was identified by means of symptoms on indicator plants, transmission by aphids, and serological characteristics. Symptoms of yellowing and stunting were appeared on leaf tips of Hordium vulgare, Triticum aestivum, and Avena fatua accompanied by stem stunting. Four species of aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. padi, Macrosiphum avenae, and Schizaphis graminum were found vectoring the virus. Extracts from wheat and barley plants showing yellowing and stunting were reacted positively with polyclonal anti-BYDV antiserum in DAS-ELISA. Most of samples that gave positive reactions by ELISA gave positive reactions with tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA). Higher incidence of BYDV was found in the northern parts of Iraq. Several economical and weed plants, collected from wheat and barley fields and vicinity sites have been found to harbor the virus. These hosts may acts as virus reservoir transmitting to wheat and barley plants by aphids.
Highlights
Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), a species of luteovirus group is the most widely distributed and most destructive virus on cereal crops in the world (Lister and Ranieri, 1995; Miller et al, 2002; Kennedy and Connery, 2005).Symptoms in Triticum aestivum were not always clear and characterized by stunting with yield losses (Irwin and Thresh 1990)
No visible symptoms on leaves of Z. mays and L. temulentum were developed after 21 days of inoculation, but the virus was detected in the inoculated plants by serological Tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA) test
The virus causing yellowing and dwarfing on T. aestivum and H. vulgare plants was considered as Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) according to the symptoms shown on the indicator plants, the transmissibility by different species of aphids, and the positive reaction with serological TBIA, as shown by intense purple staining in the vascular bundles on nitrocellulose-membrane blotted by stem cut surface, using polyclonal anti-BYDV-PVA
Summary
Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), a species of luteovirus group is the most widely distributed and most destructive virus on cereal crops in the world (Lister and Ranieri, 1995; Miller et al, 2002; Kennedy and Connery, 2005).Symptoms in Triticum aestivum were not always clear and characterized by stunting with yield losses (Irwin and Thresh 1990). Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), a species of luteovirus group is the most widely distributed and most destructive virus on cereal crops in the world (Lister and Ranieri, 1995; Miller et al, 2002; Kennedy and Connery, 2005). On oat the symptoms yellowish green blotches near the leaf tip. These blotches enlarge, merge, and turn to red, purple, brown, or yellow-orange. The yellowish-green area extend to lower parts of the leaf and the leaves may curl inward (D’Arcy 1995). In Hordium vulgare the most characteristic symptoms are dwarfing with brilliant yellow color on the leaves which extend from the tip toward the basal parts (Rochow et al, 1996). BYDV cause dwarfing with yellowing or reddening on corn (Rochow et al, 1996)
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