Abstract
Depressive symptoms are frequent side effects of interferon α therapy (IFN-α). Both biological and psychological processes may occur concomitantly during hepatitis C treatment. This study was carried out to determine the impact of biological (immune response) and psychological factors on formation of depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder (MDD) during hepatitis C treatment. A total of 99 patients receiving pegylated IFN-α and ribavirin for chronic C type hepatitis participated in the prospective cohort study. Symptoms of depression were assessed with the MontgomeryÅsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) during treatment and 24 weeks after treatment. Neuroticism was measured with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R/N). Diagnosis of MDD was made using the Present State Examination (PSE-10) and DSM-IV-TR criteria. Factor analysis was used to detect factors adding up to total severity of depressive symptoms. Predictors of MDD were investigated using logistic regression analysis. Factor analysis returned 3 factors: 1st - MADRS scores at weeks 0-12, 2nd - MADRS and N scores before treatment, 3rd - MADRS at the 24th week of treatment and 24 weeks after treatment. The total severity of depressive symptoms consisted of 3 components: personality-related before treatment, IFN-α-related during treatment and dependent on the effect of treatment. Regression analysis showed that a history of psychiatric disorders (OR = 4.8) and MADRS scores before treatment (OR = 1.25) were predictors of MDD, as opposed to level of neuroticism. The severity of depressive symptoms and MDD during the hepatitis C treatment was related to general depressive vulnerability, not to psychological factors related to neuroticism.
Highlights
Interferon α (IFN-α) in combination with ribavirin used to be the main pharmacological treatment for the chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection
Regression analysis showed that a history of psychiatric disorders (OR = 4.8) and MADRS scores before treatment (OR = 1.25) were predictors of major depressive disorder (MDD), as opposed to level of neuroticism
The severity of depressive symptoms and MDD during the hepatitis C treatment was related to general depressive vulnerability, not to psychological factors related to neuroticism
Summary
Interferon α (IFN-α) in combination with ribavirin used to be the main pharmacological treatment for the chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Interferon α is a potent inducer of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukins 1 and 6 (IL-1, IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). These cytokines play an important role in the development of sickness behavior – a set of psychological and behavioral changes that may lead to depressive symptoms in approx. Both biological and psychological processes may occur concomitantly during hepatitis C treatment
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